The Study Of Bukhara Khanate From The Perspective Of Civilization Exchange

Central Asia,which is rich in oil and gas resources,is located in the key point of Eurasia and the intersection of major civilizations,and is adjacent to China,Russia,Iran,Afghanistan and other regional powers or the places in which the situation is turbulent.In recent years,as the Central Asian region occupies an increasingly important position in the world’s geopolitical structure,the main political actors have payed close attention to and expanded their influence in this region.Since General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed the "Silk Road Economic Belt" initiative firstly when he visited Kazakhstan in September 2013,more and more Chinese scholars have engaged in the reach on this region.However,till now,as an indispensable and significant part of regional studies,the study in Central Asian region has gained great development in the domains of political system,foreign policy,military security,and economic cooperation of Central Asian countries,while the research on historical and cultural issues is very limited.The study on the history of civilization in Central Asia is also a weak field of the world study in China.From the historical perspective,by the research approach of civilization-history study,with the narrative framework of regional history,and with the basic theoretical analysis of the Civilization Exchange Theory,which was proposed by the Chinese scholar and will be helpful in strengthening the right to speak,this paper takes the Bukhara Khanate(hereinafter referred to as "Khanate")as the main object of research,focuses on the four aspects of institutional civilization,material civilization,spiritual civilization and ecological civilization,discusses the background,history and influence of internal and foreign exchanges in Central Asia in modern times.This paper will go further in the deep exploration of the formation reasons,development laws and evolution characteristics of modern Central Asian civilization.The history of Bukhara Khanate is an important part of the study of modern civilization history of Central Asia.From the perspective of civilization exchange,this paper mainly discusses the historical evolution of Bukhara Khanate,and tries to reveal the causes,rules and characteristics of the formation and evolution of modern civilization of Central Asia.The thesis consists of introduction,five chapters and conclusion.The introduction explains the background and significance of the topic,sorts out the research state,objectives and methods at home and abroad,points out the innovation and difficulties,and explains the characteristics of the civilization exchange and the modern civilization history of Central Asia.The first chapter outlines the history of Khanate civilization exchange.Bukhara Khanate lasted for more than 400 years,experienced the changes of the Shaybanid dynasty,the Janid dynasty and the Mangyt dynasty,and its historical process was basically synchronized with the modern history of Central Asia.In the early 16 th century,under the leadership of the Shaybani,a descendant of Genghis Khan,Uzbek nomads went south to the zone of Syr Darya and Amu Darya to establish the Bukhara Khanate.Since the second half of the 18 th century,the closed and backward Khanate had gradually become the focus of British and Russian hegemony in Asia under the rule of the Mangyt dynasty.Eventually,in 1868,Russia conquered the Khanate completely,making it its own vassal state.In a word,Bukhara Khanate experienced the historical changes of prosperity,development,decline,becoming a Russian vassal state,which also reflected the evolution rule of modern history of Central Asia.The second chapter analyzes the characteristics and evolution of Khanate institutional civilization.This chapter interprets the characteristics of Khanate institutional civilization mainly from three aspects: the political-military,legal and economic institution.The institutional civilization of the Khanate experienced the evolution process of inheritance,integration,formation and perfection.Based on the institution of the traditional islamic state,the Khanate borrowed the management institution of the nomadic empire,took measures according to local conditions,and combined the actual situation of the country to promote the construction of the institutional civilization of modern Central Asia.The third chapter discusses the tortuosity and progressiveness of Khanate material civilization.Firstly,the main causes of social and economic transformation are expounded,and then the transformation of agricultural economy,the development of industry,commerce and trade,the changes of social life are discussed.The exchange between nomadic civilization and agricultural civilization runs through the whole process of the civilization history of Central Asia,which is the main driving force of the social and economic transformation in Central Asia.In addition,the rule of Russia was also the catalyst for the social and economic transformation and development of the whole modern Central Asia,including the Bukhara Khanate.The penetration of russian capitalist production relations into the social and economic fields of the Khanate,leading to changes in the social structure of the Khanate,and the traditional patriarchal and natural economic system gradually disintegrated.However,to some extent,the economy and society of the Khanate developed by leaps and bounds.But in essence,this development was based on Russian colonial robbery.The fourth chapter expounds the fusion and change of Khanate multi-religious culture.As an islamic country,the leading culture of the Bukhara Khanate is islamic culture characterized by sufism.Since ancient times,Central Asia has been located in the core area of Eurasian civilization.In the history of the civilization exchange of Central Asian,Central Asia has suffered many foreign invasions,and even some nations had established a great power with world influence here.These frequent invasions and foreign rule to some extent contributed to the interaction of many different civilizations in Central Asia.Therefore,while maintaining its own cultural characteristics,the Central Asian civilizations have continued to learn,absorb and integrate the beneficial results of other civilizations.Culture is an important yardstick of civilization exchange.With the decline of the land Silk Road,the culture of the Bukhara Khanate,the carrier of modern civilization in Central Asia,has also declined.However,on the micro level,due to the influence of different factors,Khanate culture change not only develops and prospers,but also stagnates and declines.The five chapter discusses the background and performance of Khanate’s foreign exchanges.Firstly,it briefly introduces the background of foreign exchanges of the Khanate.Then it discusses the evolution of the relationship between Khanate and Russia,from equal diplomacy to unequal relations and then to the complete transformation of dependency relations.In the end,the extensive contacts between the Bukhara Khanate and the neighboring Khiva Khanate,Kokand Khanate,Persia,India and the Ottoman Empire are discussed.In short,the external relations of the Bukhara Khanate have obvious geographical characteristics,and the forms of violence alternate with forms of peace.The foreign exchanges of the Khanate is a dynamic process of interaction between different civilizations,which enriches the content of modern civilization history of Central Asia.The last part summarizes the whole article.From the perspective of the theory of civilization exchange,the historical evolution of the Bukhara Khanate mainly depends on the four major factors—productivity,geography,religion and state.Productivity is the fundamental driving force of human civilization exchange.Central Asia did not have the historical background and conditions which were suitable for social and economic development.The Bukhara Khanate was occupied by Russia,and its historical destiny has also undergone a fundamental change.The Central Asia region has been an important area for human civilization exchange since ancient times.The modern Central Asian local regime represented by the Bukhara Khanate is still restricted by geopolitical factors,and its historical evolution has always been closely related to the destiny of the great powers.Central Asia is also an important part of the Islamic world.As the religious center of modern Central Asia,the strong cultural and political belonging,which came from the religious value system of the Khanate,has always run through its historical process.For a long time,Central Asia has rarely formed a large country with long-term stability and a large population.The coexistence of modern khanates has weakened the strength of Central Asia as a whole.Furthermore,the historical evolution of the Bukhara Khanate has an important impact on the civilization exchange in Central Asia.From the perspective of religious exchange,the Bukhara Khanate has more completely preserved and inherited the traditional Islamic civilization system of Central Asia;as for national exchange,the Bukhara Khanate is also the place where the civilization of the Uzbek nation takes root;in terms of foreign exchanges,the Bukhara Khanate embodies the diverse and integrated nature of civilization exchange in Central Asia.