| The Tibetan clan can be divided into three types:the clan in the period of Siba in the ancient times,the clan in the period of Xiaobang war,the clan in the period of Tubo Dynasty in the middle ancient times,and the clan in the period of dispersion in the later period.In ancient times,there were surnames such as phya,dmu,gtsug,gnyan,ye,ngam,ma sangs and the’u rang,and their descendants included ldong,dbra,’bru,sga,dba’ and brda of six Tubo clans.After the major surname occupied a certain area,it formed a small country,and the small countries annexed each other.In the end,Nie chizanpu won and established the Tubo Dynasty.According to the existing literature,the six surnames are identified as the ancient race,and the surnames in Duowei,kangzang also take the six surnames as the origin of their own race.There are also such records in myths and genealogies around the 10th century.After the formation of a small country in the later period,the surnames in the central area were different from those in the marginal area.The major surnames in the central area occupied a certain area and divided many small countries.When Zanpu was in power,they assisted Zanpu and ruled the frontier by the title of nobility.There is no history of a small country in the marginal area,but there are many surnames of the descendants of six surnames.Such as smra zhang zhung,stong sum pa,dong mi nyag,bse’a zha and so on.In the early period,the main surnames in the central area were Mahe Xiangxiong in the west,Dong and Supi in the north,Dong and Muya in the southeast,Sai and axia in the East.These are known as the four small surnames,which are branches of the six major surnames.During the period of Tubo,the big surnames in the central area were sent to the border areas for governance,but there was no difference between the strong and the weak.Later,the dynasty broke up and many descendants of Dong,Zha,Zhihe and GA came into being.Through the comparative analysis of legends and myths,the author thinks that Tibetan surnames are different from those recorded in ancient and modern literature.There are records of Sai,mu,Ma,Dong,Dong,Dong,Zha,Zhi,GA,axia,Muya and Supi in the early literature,but there is no such naming custom after the 10th century,especially from the 7th century AD.The introduction of Buddhism and other emerging cultures was the watershed.After the 10th century AD,the names were generally Rodin,Gongque,Yexi and Dunzhu.In addition,it is difficult to understand the names in the later literature,which are generally in ancient Tibetan.Because of the difficulty in understanding,the major surnames are interpreted in mythology,and the origin of the clan is attributed to gods,such as ’khon,dmu,rlangs and skyu ra.French scholar R.a.Stien(1911-1999)and other foreign experts did not use this classification,but according to the major surnames and biographies of DUOKANG,they believe that the six major surnames of Tibetan are from the eastern boundary to the central area.In fact,there are many small countries in the central area,and the origin of the six surnames is not very clear.However,compared with the origin of the thousand surnames such as Dong,Dong,Zha,Zhi,GA and Wa in the Tubo Period,there are more branches of the surnames such as Dong,Dong,Zha,Zhi,GA and Wa.This paper mainly focuses on the ethnic groups after the six major Tibetan surnames and the surnames in the scattered period of small countries.Other related surnames are also analyzed.It consists of 4 chapters,18 sections,conclusion,appendix and postscript.The first chapter is the main literature sources and changes and other contents;the second chapter is four types of external surnames;four types of middle surnames;four types of internal surnames and other twelve surname sources,especially the main literature and sources,diversion and categories of the Xiangbu four gates of Ma Xiangxiong,Dong Supi and Saixia.The third chapter is about the six surnames,including the main documents and sources of Dong,Sejonza,Ajizhi,Musuga,Vaheda,and other categories.The fourth chapter is the comparison of Tibetan documents found in Dunhuang,including the place names of 60 small countries,city names,monarchs and ministers,Guxin,Gula,the main surnames before the Tubo Dynasty,the four major surnames in China and foreign countries,and the six major surnames in Tibet.In addition,the record and analysis of Tibetan ancient main surnames.The appendix records:a part of the newly discovered important literature on surnames,and the corresponding tables of the place names of the 80 small countries,the titles of monarchs and ministers,and the titles and postscripts of the literature.The writing methods of this thesis are as follows:first,it mainly focuses on twenty ancient Tibetan Literature "black headed mortals" and the main Tibetan literature found in Dunhuang(PT 1039,Pt 1040,Pt 1060,Pt 1285,Pt 1286,Pt 1290,IOL TiB,j731r,IOL TIB)When Xugatang bangbaqi discovered the Bon literature,the major surnames were divided into chapters,classification,content comparison,title comparison,literature source textual research and terminology evolution.In general,according to the evolution law of ancient and modern Tibetan,Tibetan surnames can be divided into three categories:the upper Siba period,the small country war period,the middle ancient period and the later scattered period.It also divides the documents into two parts before and after the 10th century to prove its own point of view.The specific distribution is as follows:the origin and surname divergence of Tibetan ancient race,the six surnames of Siba Liugui and Tibetan,the major surnames in the scattered period of small countries,or the major surnames related to the origin of guxiangxiong,Zanpu period,Supi,Achai,Xixia,etc.There are many surnames in Tibetan history.This paper discusses the surnames of the main monarchs and ministers and the common people.According to the development of history,it can be divided into five periods.One is the surname of the ancient Spartan period.There are Qiaben,Muben,Zanben and Luben in the literature,but Qiaben,Mu,Zu,Masang,Dun,Zan,Nianhe,Tirang and so on,each of which has its own priesthood and rituals.The second is the surnames before shanglare or niechizanpu,the six major Tibetan surnames of the descendants of Qia and mu Henian,and the surnames of the kings,ministers and common people in small countries.Third,in the period of the resurgence,the major surnames of the Tubo Dynasty from niechizanpu to Songzanganbu appeared.During this period,there were many small countries,prosperous Junfa,assisted by their major surnames.Fourth,during the period of resurgence,after Chisongzan came to power and unified Tibet,he established Dazhuo and Qianhu systems,such as Zhongru,Youru,Zuoru and Jura.At that time,the descendants of the main monarchs and ministers had long-term hegemony,while the previous surnames flourished again.Fifthly,in the post dispersed period,all the major surnames of the former Qianhu subordinates believed in Buddhism and established sects,which appeared in historical documents.This paper took ten years from collecting data to preliminary completion,and has been working hard since the topic was selected three years ago.But the content of this topic is extensive and abstruse,and the author has a premonition that it is difficult to complete with his own ability,but it is finally completed with the attitude of casting a brick to attract jade.There will inevitably be mistakes and omissions,please do not hesitate to give advice,thank you very much!... |
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