Historical Materialism Research On The Change Of China's Rural Basic Economic System

As an important production sector of “ creating material life itself,” agriculture has always played a vital role in the development of human civilization.Without the material data of agricultural production,human beings can only obtain food and fur by collecting and hunting,and cannot get rid of the migration life completely dependent on nature.Without the stable development of agriculture,mankind will lose the possibility of carrying out new undertakings and cannot move towards a higher level of civilization.Agriculture,with its unique production attributes,guarantees everyone ' s survival needs and supports the occurrence and development of human society.Therefore,no matter when,the basic position of agriculture is unshakable.Throughout world history,every country attaches great importance to the development of agriculture,especially in China.China is one of the earliest countries in the world to start agricultural production.It is thanks to the stable development of agriculture that Chinese civilization has lasted for five thousand years.This kind of farming memory passed down from generation to generation has become an indelible cultural gene in the hearts of every Chinese.In this sense,some scholars believe that agriculture is the foundation of Chinese culture is reasonable.Due to its unique social and historical conditions,China has also formed a unique development context of agriculture.Under the dual constraints of the contradiction between the basic national conditions with a high degree of tension between human and land and the basic institutional contradiction of the urban-rural dual structure,combined with the characteristics of the small rural social economy under the cultivation of small plots of land,China is not facing the problem of isolated input-output agricultural development,but the dialectical unity of agriculture,rural areas and farmers that interact,interact and restrict each other.China ' s rural basic economic system,as a comprehensive management system containing rich connotations of land system,management and distribution system and organizational carrier,is the balance point and connection point that organically links agriculture,rural areas and farmers.Therefore,the study on the causes and connotation of the changes of the basic economic system in China 's rural areas is helpful to understand and understand the problems of agriculture,countryside and farmers in China,so as to solve the problems of agriculture,countryside and farmers and provide theoretical support for the development of socialist modernization agriculture with Chinese characteristics.It is based on this understanding that various issues related to agricultural development,including the understanding and understanding of China 's rural basic economic system,have always been the immortal research focus of academic discussion.However,the traditional research ideas always regard ' agriculture,rural areas and farmers ' problems as established and ontological objects,grasp agriculture by agriculture,discuss rural areas by rural areas,and look at farmers by farmers,always explain the problem from one aspect,so it cannot avoid the one-sidedness of its conclusions.Using the basic principle of historical materialism,this paper studies the institutional change of China 's rural basic economy,emphasizes the close relationship between the institutional change of China 's rural basic economy and the socialist construction of the whole country,grasps the essence of institutional change from the perspective of integrity,historicity and concrete universality,and explores the true connotation of the institutional change of China 's rural basic economy from the contradictory movement of productivity and production relations,the dialectical relationship between economic foundation and superstructure,the understanding of the unity of inevitability and contingency of social and historical development,and the affirmation of the dominant position of ' real individuals ' in social history,so as to obtain a comprehensive and accurate understanding and evaluation of the real motivation and practical significance behind the institutional change.On the basis of affirming the basic principles and overall ideas of the past development of agricultural and rural areas,it guides the future development and improvement of China 's rural basic economic system,and explores a path of sinicization of Marxism through practice for the development of China 's agricultural and rural modernization in the new era.Marx and Engels ' understanding of agriculture,rural areas and farmers is based on their research on the development of modern industrialization in Britain,Germany,France and the United States,and their emphasis on the role of industrialization in promoting social development.They affirmed the basic position of agriculture in the national economy.The stability and development of agriculture not only ensured the production of material materials for human survival,but also directly affected the occurrence and development of other social production sectors.Marx and Engels elaborated on the causes of urban-rural dualism,and proposed that the integration of urban and rural areas is not only possible,but also inevitable with the development of social economy.Marx and Engels stand on the height of ' realizing individual comprehensive and free development ' to truly care about the reality of the situation of farmers,and on the basis of full analysis of the characteristics of different classes of farmers,demonstrates their ideas about the alliance of industry and agriculture.?Louis Bonaparte ' s 18 th Fog Moon? is a classic work of using historical materialism to analyze social and historical events,which perfectly presents the basic principles of historical materialism of Marx ' s research on " three rural issues." First of all,the contradictory movement between productivity and production relations is the golden key to explain all social and historical events.Marx and Engels have repeatedly stressed that economic foundation is the decisive factor that ultimately affects the development of social history.Secondly,although the economic foundation is a decisive factor,it is not the only factor affecting social and historical development.The reaction of superstructure to economic foundation cannot be ignored.Thirdly,Marx and Engels stressed that the development of social history is the result of different wills,which reflects the unity of inevitability and contingency of social and historical development.Finally,Marx has always been based on the concern of the ultimate value of ' human ',and put forward that 'realistic individual ' is the precondition of social and historical development.All events are finally meaningful because of human purposeful activities.Using the basic principles of historical materialism to look back on the process of institutional change of China 's rural basic economy opened a new theoretical space for the study of institutional change.During the period of new democratic development,the land reform movement completely abolished the feudal land system,and for the first time realized the ultimate ideal of ' farmers have their own land ',which laid the foundation for the transformation of agricultural socialism.With the outbreak of the Korean War,the nascent People ' s Republic of China was faced with a complex and severe situation at home and abroad.In the face of the embarrassing situation of collective blockade by Western countries,the poor and white New China had to change from the new democratic development line to the general line of the socialist transition period,from the step-by-step development strategy to concentrate all forces to give priority to the development of heavy industry,and began to explore the difficult and tortuous road of socialist construction.In the absence of more financial support,the original capital accumulation necessary for the development of heavy industry can only be reluctantly completed by extracting agricultural surplus.With the development of industry,there are new problems about where to sell industrial products.In the absence of a world market,on the one hand,the state purchases agricultural products at a very low price to maintain the low wages and low consumption of urban residents.On the other hand,it uses agricultural production to digest industrial products.Through the price scissors difference between industrial and agricultural products,the agricultural surplus is continuously invested in supporting industrial development.However,the small rural social economy dominated by small land production in China since ancient times,and the basic national conditions with high tension between people and land,make farmers separate and closed,resulting in the inevitable result of high transaction costs between the state and farmers.In addition,scattered small farmers have no conditions for the use of machinery,which is the establishment of cooperatives,the institutional arrangements of the collective economy,and under the influence of long-term accumulation of the system intensified the basic contradiction between urban and rural dualism,and ultimately led to the decline of agriculture.This is why in today ' s people mentioned the experience of this period of reform,has been the first to hold a negative attitude.However,the combination of Marx and Engels on agriculture,rural areas and farmers,and re-examine this history according to the basic principles of Marx 's historical materialism,will find the specific social and historical background of institutional arrangements,and formed a logical chain of causality.Even if there was indeed a left-leaning problem in the implementation process of the policy at that time,the system itself had no right or wrong or good or bad distinction,only the difference between whether it was suitable for the current specific social and historical background.Now we criticize this history,but in the specific historical background at that time,it is indeed an inevitable choice.Therefore,the evil consequences caused by the system are also the institutional costs that China must bear at that particular stage of development.Since the reform and opening up,with the liberation of thought,the household contract responsibility system created by farmers has opened a new situation for the development of agriculture and rural areas in China.From the period of the people ' s commune,the enthusiasm of farmers who have been suppressed for a long time has been rapidly stimulated,which has greatly promoted the development of agriculture.From the household contract responsibility system to the household contract system,the rural basic economic system has gone through the development path of " integration," " division " and " re-integration," which is in fact in line with the development necessity of Marxist " negation of negation." Therefore,we can say that the change of China 's rural basic economic system is actually following the flood of the times,according to the current specific social and historical background and reasonable changes,is Marx 's dialectical materialism and historical materialism principle through practice in reality.The report of the Nineteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China announced that the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era.The main contradiction of Chinese society has also changed from ' the contradiction between the people 's growing material and cultural needs and the backward social productivity ' to ' the contradiction between the people 's growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development '.Such changes mean that agricultural development has entered a new historical stage and put forward new requirements for the construction of rural basic economic systems.Both the rural revitalization strategy and the requirements of agricultural and rural modernization are based on the social and historical conditions under the background of China ' s new era.It is an organic whole of mutual promotion,mutual restriction and interaction.In history,no country like China has truly realized the development of socialist modernization under the realistic situation of 1.4 billion people,which means that China ' s development only depends on its own continuous practice,continuous exploration and trial and error,so as to walk out of a unique path of socialist modernization with Chinese characteristics.From this perspective,practice is the key to connect Marx ' s dialectical materialism and historical materialism with China ' s national conditions.Under the background of the new era,whether it is the modernization of socialism with Chinese characteristics or the continuous improvement of China ' s rural basic economic system,we should continue to adhere to the guidance of Marxism,and based on China ' s basic national conditions,inherit and develop China ' s of the advantages of the socialist system,inherit and develop China ' s consistent dialectical development ideas on the three rural issues,so as to make due contributions to the realization of the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.