Research On The Transformation Of Parallel Prose Criticism In Late Qing Dynasty And Republic Of China

Different literary researchers may have some differences in the definition of literary criticism,but it is generally accepted that the elements of literary criticism activities mainly include the theory and thought of the subject of criticism,the standard of criticism,the object of criticism,the method of criticism,the stand,viewpoint and value orientation of the subject of criticism.Among them,the identity of the subject of criticism is closely related to the social and cultural background of criticism activities.The theoretical thought and criticism standard that the critics followed were closely related to the literary trend of thought and literary concept under the background of the times.The object of criticism is the focus of criticism activities.The criticism method is the external concrete manifestation of the criticism activity;The ultimate goal of criticism is to express the standpoint and value orientation of the subject of criticism.All the above parts are interrelated and inseparable.According to this logical understanding,the so-called transformation of literary criticism refers to the process in which the above elements that constitute literary criticism activities have undergone substantial changes.The topic of this paper is "Research on the Transformation of Parallel Prose Criticism in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China",which is based on the special social and cultural background in the historical transformation period of the Late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China,and takes parallel prose criticism,one of the literary criticism in this period,as the research focus.The late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China are not only the summing up period of the development of Chinese traditional literature,but also the important period of the transformation of Chinese literature from tradition to modernity.In this special period,not only the main body of parallel prose criticism has been identity changed that from traditional scholar-bureaucrat to modern intellectuals,and the“literature”concept which as the core power of the transformation of parallel prose criticism it's connotation and extension in the ancient and modem,and of the west in the process of continuous adjustment,it is also directly contributing to the transformation of parallel prose criticism of several different path selection.In the process of the specific transformation of parallel prose criticism,a large number of parallel prose research works in this period not only showed the characteristics different from the past in the form of criticism,the media of criticism and other external forms,but also showed the characteristics of modernity in the internal system construction such as criticism framework and criticism content.Of course,the transformation of parallel prose criticism in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China also has an important impact on contemporary parallel prose research.Based on the above ideas,the paper introduces that on the basis of the special social and cultural background of the Republic of China in the late qing dynasty,from the parallel prose criticism subject,literature concept change of parallel prose criticism and parallel prose criticism under external form,the construction of the internal system of parallel prose criticism and transformation of such aspects as the significance of the study of contemporary prose,a comprehensive study on the transformation of parallel prose criticism.This paper is divided into six parts:The first chapter is the introduction,considering of the Republic of China in the late qing dynasty is not only a turning period of historical development and the transition of literature development,so the paper firstly proposed a research summary of the Republic of China in the late qing dynasty as a whole in review and summary,and aims at the achievement of the research status and put forward his own thinking,in addition to this paper's research scope for a defined time.The second chapter is the background of the transformation of parallel prose criticism in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China.The transformation of parallel prose criticism in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China was not accidental,but caused by the subjective and objective factors at that time.On the one hand,the trend of Western learning spreading to the east and the movement of vernacular Chinese since the end of Qing Dynasty which has accelerated the decline of parallel prose,a traditional Chinese style.On the other hand,it has also promoted the development of collating and summarizing parallel prose.Moreover,under the influence of the spreading of western learning to the east,the identity of the subject of parallel prose criticism in this period also changed,which from the traditional feudal scholars to the new intellectuals who had received the education of the new style school or had the experience of studying abroad.These new intellectuals realized the important value of parallel prose in the development of Chinese literature,so they drew lessons from western scientific means to sort out and summarize the parallel prose,which not only directly led to the prosperity of the arrangement and research activities of parallel prose in the 1920 s and 1930 s,but also indirectly contributed to the transformation of parallel prose criticism.The third chapter is about the transformation of the concept of “literature” and the path of the transformation of parallel prose criticism in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China.From the perspective of the transformation of the concept of“literature”in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China,the different choices of the transformation path of parallel prose criticism under the evolution of the concept of“literature”in this period are analyzed and discussed.As the core driving force of the development of parallel prose criticism,the transformation of literary concept will directly affected the different stances and value orientations of critics with different“literature”concepts that towards parallel prose in different reform periods.From the Six Dynasties to the end of the Qing Dynasty,parallel prose criticism has been centered on the traditional concept of prose.At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China,the connotation and extension of the concept of“literature”were also constantly adjusted and changed in the intertwined process between ancient and modern,and between middle and west,which directly led to several choices of different paths for the transformation of parallel prose criticism.The scholars represented by Liu Shipei,Zhang Taiyan and Huang Kan still hoped to construct the Chinese “ literature ” view by digging out the traditional literature resources,so they not only reinterpreted the parallel prose,a typical traditional style,but also endowed it with new meaning and value.The bai-hua advocate represented by hu shi,Chen duxiu was trying to construct the vernacular literature,they advocated thoroughly abandon the writings which in classical style of ancient Chinese literature,so as a typical representative of classical Chinese literature prose undoubtedly received some harsh criticism,but this practice has been questioned and against by some of the members of the new culture movement.Of course,the evolution of Chinese literary concept in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China was closely related to the introduction of the western view of“pure literature”.In the early days of the introduction of the western concept of“pure literature”,due to its emphasis on the aesthetic property of literature coincidental with the parallel prose which emphasized the beauty of language,Xie wuliang and others directly interpreted the western concept of “beautiful prose”and the parallel prose.In addition,Those people likes Li Xiang,Sun Deqian and others who continued to develop the old mode of criticism.In the 1920 s and 1930 s,with the gradual establishment of the concept of literature in the modern sense of China,the collation and summary of parallel prose by scholars which were also showed the characteristics of modernity,which also marked the opening of the modernization of parallel prose criticism.The fourth chapter is the transformation of the external form of parallel prose criticism in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China,which mainly studying the transformation of the external form of parallel prose criticism in the late Qing Dynasty.The gradual modernization of the concept of “literature”in the late Qing dynasty and the Republic of China not only contributed to the modernization of parallel prose criticism,but also the style of parallel prose criticism has been developed from the traditional style of prose anthology,and comment criticism,to the criticism of treatise with clear logic,rigorous structure and sufficient argumentation.Of course,the transformation of the external form of parallel prose criticism includes not only the emergence of the new parallel prose research works,but also the transformation of the two traditional forms of criticism,such as prose and anthology,through the use of parallel prose lectures in colleges and universities and anthology of new parallel prose.In addition,the appearance of this periodical not only directly contributed to the emergence of the parallel prose monograph,but also greatly expanded the public domain of parallel prose criticism.The fifth chapter is the modernity construction of the internal system of parallel prose criticism in the Republic of China,which is based on the analysis of the external form of parallel prose criticism in the fourth chapter.It focuses on how the parallel prose criticism in the late Qing Dynasty gradually transforms to the modern system.Traditional criticism of parallel prose before the Republic of China mostly focused on the separate and scattered summary of the specific style of parallel prose in selected texts and prose,and did not formed a macro and systematic system of parallel prose criticism.Since the Republic of China,a large number of parallel prose practices,generalizations of parallel prose and theses on parallel prose have appeared.Although the authors of these works did not explicitly put forward the slogan of constructing the parallel prose criticism system,they objectively made efforts to construct the modernity of the parallel prose criticism system.They not only established the framework of parallel prose criticism in the course of practical research,but also made its content theoretical and scientific step by step.This is not only the symbol of the successful transformation of parallel prose criticism in the Republic of China,but also has a profound impact on the construction of modern parallel prose criticism.The sixth chapter is the significance of the transformation of parallel prose criticism in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China.The transformation of parallel prose criticism has had an important impact on contemporary parallel prose research.On the one hand,the transformation of parallel prose criticism in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China laid a solid foundation for contemporary parallel prose research.Through the efforts of a large number of researchers of parallel prose,the study of parallel prose has not only became an independent and profound knowledge,but also its research paradigm has pointed out the path for the contemporary study of parallel prose.On the other hand,the exploration of the transformation path of parallel prose criticism made by the earlier scholars in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China is of great reference and inspiration to our current study of parallel prose.Their experience shows that “connecting the ancient and the modern,integrating the Chinese and the Western” should be the appropriate choice for our current study of parallel prose.