| From The Tang dynasty to the Song Dynasty,the Chinese traditional society changed obviously,which is called the Tang and Song Revolution in academic circles.During this period,aristocrat politics turned to autocratic monarchy,aristocrat society to civilian society,agricultural economy to mixed economy,political system,social structure,social economy and so on all appeared profound changes.In other words,the biggest change during the Tang and Song dynasties was the readjustment of the relationship between "state and society",from the stage of "integration" to the mode of "polarization".In this context,the social structure from the original relatively single vertical hierarchical structure to a more diversified vertical and horizontal coexistence structure transition.In the Song Dynasty,the social hierarchy was lax,the "noble and humble" dimension remained,while the "rich and poor" dimension became increasingly important.The horizontal and vertical flow between social classes was constantly strengthened,and the state's ability to intervene and control the society was greatly weakened.Thus,the viewpoint of "the emperor made rites to teach the world" emerged.In tang and Song dynasties,the government attached great importance to ritual codes,and the number and scale of revision were far ahead of that of the dynasties.The Northern Song dynasty began to spread the ritual system to the common people at the grass-roots level,breaking the saying that "ritual does not match the common people".In terms of ritual,the transition of "civil people under ritual" in the Northern Song Dynasty can be regarded as the result of the interaction between state ritual and social customs caused by the reconstruction of the state-society relationship in the Song Dynasty.Health care to die,human relations.Among customs,funerals are especially important.Confucianism values death and advocates filial piety;The secular society attaches great importance to the welfare of offspring,and most of them take "benefiting the offspring" as the service.In the face of the death law that people cannot get rid of,in order to "death is like life",but also to protect children and grandchildren,funeral activities in song dynasty often violate the rules and regulations,thus,the interaction of funeral customs is more closely.The archaeological data of song tombs are the materialized carrier of funeral rites and customs in Song Dynasty,reflecting the rites and customs followed by different social classes at that time.Among the numerous archaeological data of song dynasty tombs,the shape and structure of song dynasty tombs are the best preserved,with various types and complete sequences,which can better reflect the concepts of etiquette and customs of different classes in song Dynasty and become an important "historical data" that can be used.From the perspective of current research,the archaeological data of song dynasty tombs are mostly concentrated in the field of archaeology and art history,and the achievements are quite abundant.However,most of them are archaeological typologies,or thematic studies of art archaeology such as burial objects and murals,and there are few investigations from the perspective of social history.In this paper,the song dynasty tomb shape as the research object,on the basis of archaeological data and documents to confirm each other,from "figurative" to "abstract",in view of the northern song dynasty tomb officer and subaltern tomb shape reflects the custom problem,examine the changes of time and space of song dynasty burial custom,and then through the tombs of the custom officer people interact,it studies the period of northern song dynasty ritual down and customs of the relationship,And the nature of state-society relations.From the perspective of funeral rites and customs,as the mainstream groups of the Song Dynasty,the funeral rites and customs of the official and the common people are not separated from each other,but there is a certain interactive relationship,which is also reflected in the archaeological data of the Song dynasty tomb.In view of this,this paper will start with a "long period" investigation from the three groups of high grade officials,middle and low grade officials,common people used in the tomb shape system and the etiquette and customs reflected by the problem.The first part is the ritual and custom reflected in the tomb of gao Pin officials in the Northern Song Dynasty.Through the analysis of the tombs of gao Pin officials in the early,middle and late Period of the Northern Song Dynasty,it can be seen that the tombs can be divided into five categories: the first is the earth cave tomb with vertical pit ramp,the second is the stone-lined tomb with sloping ramp,the third is the stone-lined tomb or stone-lined tomb without tomb ramp,the fourth is the stone-lined tomb with sloping ramp,and the fifth is the brick chamber tomb with tomb ramp.From the point of view of funeral rites and customs,the tomb of gao Pin official in the early Northern Song Dynasty was built in accordance with the northern burial customs.Dynasty tomb of high quality officer is divided into two kinds: one kind is in the north slope brick tomb chamber stone Guo,such burial tomb to emperor,courtesy of a letter to the graves,examines a letter to the burial tomb structure main body is composed of shek mun,brick,stone Guo,and that at least in the middle of the northern song dynasty burial tombs system has become institutionalized,and has a strict level difference,divided into special letter to the tombs,yipin tombs and other tombs,etc.At the same time,there was a phenomenon that only brick rooms or stone rooms were used to build zhao tombs.The other is the stone chamber tomb without tomb ramp or brick chamber stone tomb,this kind of tomb shape reflects the southern burial custom more.The tombs of high-ranking officials in the late Northern Song Dynasty can also be divided into two categories,one is stone chamber tombs with sloping ramps.The structure of this kind of tombs is simplified,without stone doors and upper brick rooms,which is closely related to the phenomenon of "xuan burial",begging and exempting zhao burial and simplified rituals in the funeral system of high-ranking officials in the late Northern Song Dynasty.The other is the brick chamber tomb with tomb ramp,which belongs to fujian folk burial custom.The second part is the ritual and custom reflected by the tomb system of middle and low grade officials in the Northern Song Dynasty.Through combing the early,middle and late period of the Northern Song Dynasty,it can be seen that the tombs of middle and low grade officials in the Northern Song Dynasty are diverse and complicated.In the north,they are mainly shaft tomb with earth hole,ramp tomb with earth hole,ramp tomb with brick chamber,ramp tomb with earth hole and so on.In the south,there are mainly brick chamber tombs without tomb ramp structure,pit tombs,stone chamber tombs,brick chamber tombs with roof and so on.From the perspective of funeral rites and customs,in the early Period of the Northern Song Dynasty,there appeared stone and stone works prohibited by the Funeral Decree,and there were courtyards and holes in the tomb path,which violated the ceremony and exceeded the regulations,which was a manifestation of the rich burial custom.In the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty,the sloping brick chamber tombs used by the middle and low ranking officials unearthed in the north were in accordance with the ritual system.However,the tombs with courtyars and holes were still used,especially in the thick burial custom,while the tombs of middle and low ranking officials unearthed in the south mostly followed the southern burial custom.Until the later period of the Northern Song Dynasty,the sloping brick chamber tombs were still in use in the northern regions in line with the low quality official burial system.However,more often,the use of vertical cavity tomb earth cave tomb and slope tomb polygonal brick chamber tomb,the former is the common folk burial custom in the north,while the latter is basically similar to the common tombs of the same period,folk burial custom composition is obvious.The low-grade official tombs unearthed in southern China are mainly from local folk burial customs,which are divided into Shu custom,Yue custom and Min custom.The third part is the ritual and custom reflected by the tomb system of the common people in the Northern Song Dynasty.Compared with the official tombs,the tombs of ordinary people are more diverse and complex.There are soil cave tombs with vertical pits,brick chamber tombs with sloping ramps,brick chamber tombs with and without ramps,earth pit tombs,stone chamber tombs,and all kinds of special-shaped tombs.Generally speaking,from the perspective of funeral rites and customs,most of the tombs of the common people are built according to the natural conditions of different areas,and follow local customs.It is also influenced by local economy and social culture.Most of the use of stone in the tombs of ordinary people is to "use stone to royal earth",from the practical function of tomb making,is not against the etiquette,only a few tombs use the imitation wood structure stone chamber tomb which oversteps the rules of etiquette.In addition,the imitation wooden brick chamber tomb represented by the northern region is a "variant" form of folk evading the burial ban,which is the manifestation of the folk heavy burial custom.In the early Northern Song Dynasty,only brick carvings were used for tomb decoration.Brick carving and architectural painting began to appear in the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty.In the later period of the Northern Song Dynasty,the combination of brick carving,architectural painting and murals appeared.Based on the analysis of the shape of official tombs and tombs of common people in the Northern Song Dynasty,this paper further discusses their temporal and spatial characteristics.In terms of time characteristics,the funerary custom based on the "rites collapsed and music was bad" in the early northern Song Dynasty;The differentiation and coexistence of rites and customs based on the reconstruction of rites in the middle of northern Song Dynasty;In the late Northern Song Dynasty,the coexistence and intersection of etiquette and customs were based on the strengthening of the ritual system.In terms of spatial characteristics,the tombs of the Northern Song Dynasty have formed a cultural area of common ritual with a planar distribution,and a cultural circle of burial custom with a circle structure centered on the position of "two capitals".The tombs of the Southern Song Dynasty have formed flake distribution of burial custom culture area and dot distribution of special burial custom area.Among them,the flaky distribution of burial culture area can be subdivided into two Zhejiang burial custom area,Jiangxi burial custom area,Fujian burial custom area,Jinghu burial custom area,Sichuan burial custom area,Lingnan burial custom area and so on.To sum up,from the Tang dynasty to the Song Dynasty,the relationship between "state and society" was readjust,and the change of social structure made the mobility of social groups continuously enhanced.From a certain point of view,such mobility is not only reflected in the transformation of social identities between officials and the people,and between scholars and ordinary people,but also in the state institutions' attempt to implement effective control over the society from top to bottom by "moving down the ritual system".At the same time,the custom system of the society is gradually "custom upward",forming a bottom-up influence on the national system.From this perspective,since the Northern Song Dynasty,Chinese society has become increasingly "secularized" and "civilian". |
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