| The accumulation of human capital is the guarantee and reflection of the quality of economic development and an important economic problem related to the sustainable development of China.However,with the rapid growth of economy,the difference of opportunities between individuals is widening,the problems of unequal educational opportunities and health inequality are becoming more and more prominent,and the human capital of the vulnerable groups is relatively scarce.In order to promote equity,the Chinese government has continuously strengthened the supply of public services to make up for the shortage of human capital of the disadvantaged groups.So does the supply of public services improve individual human capital,especially the formation of human capital of vulnerable groups in the disadvantaged environment?And while improving the human capital,can the existing public service supply eliminate the adverse impact of the opportunity on the human capital?Therefore,on the basis of theoretical analysis,this paper starts with three types of public services:public education,public health care and infrastructure,and analyzes in detail the impact of public services on individual human capital.At the same time,in order to test whether the existing public services can make up for the environment faced by the vulnerable groups,this paper also empirically analyzes the impact of opportunities on human capital.The conclusions of this paper and the path of public service policy optimization include:(1)The impact of public education policies on human capital needs to be analyzed from a multi-generation perspective.The formation of educational human capital has a long-term influence on the individual life cycle.It not only improves the social and economic status of the educated individual itself,but also has an important impact on the children's human capital and the human capital of their parents.The third chapter of this paper includes two aspects:on the one hand,the influence of parental education on children's human capital;On the other hand,the effect of children's education on the formation of parents' human capital.First,the education of fathers and mothers significantly promotes the long-term health of minor children.For short-term health,the short-term health of 5-10-year-olds is influenced only by mother's education.The short-term health of children under 4 years of age is not affected by parental education.The intrinsic mechanism of the accumulation of human capital lies in the improvement of children's health through the direct and indirect effects of parental education.The direct effect is to reduce the number of children,delay the birth age and provide a better reproductive environment,while the indirect effect is to improve the socio-economic status of the family.Second,children's education has a significant and robust positive impact on parents' health,and the higher the education level,the more beneficial the parents' health.The mechanism behind it is that the improvement of educational level increases the income of children and can give more economic transfer to parents.At the same time,parents' health is affected by the opportunities and abilities of children moving away from their parents due to the improvement of their educational level,and the daily contact between their children and their parents.The policy recommendations of this chapter mainly lie in that the government should perfect the educational policy,reduce the inequality of educational opportunities,improve the equality of public education,so that everyone can enjoy a fair and quality public education.(2)As an important part of government's public service,public medical insurance has a direct impact on the accumulation of residents' health human capital.A perfect public medical service system can reduce residents' medical expenses of serious illness,improve the accessibility of medical treatment for the disadvantaged,improve the behavior of seeking medical treatment,and effectively alleviate the health inequality caused by the social and economic status.The fourth chapter analyzes the health performance of social health insurance and the influence mechanism of social health insurance based on the data of China Family Panel Studies(CFPS)database in 2010,2012 and 2014.The study found that social health insurance significantly promoted the health of children by increasing the use of public services for sick children,and that the average age-specific height of children who took part in social health insurance improved by 0.067 standard deviations.The probability of self-assessment of better health was increased by 10.3%,and the health performance of social health insurance was more significant among children from families with lower socio-economic status.However,taking part in social health insurance has not alleviated residents' medical expenses,especially the economic performance of social health insurance in disadvantaged families is more limited,which may also be an important reason that social health insurance increases children's health inequality.(3)As an important public service,the construction of infrastructure has opened up the regional economic links,especially in poor and backward areas to increase the external economic and social links.The fifth chapter mainly analyzes the influence of the construction of village road on the human capital of rural individual,which is a vulnerable group,with the rural highway as the starting point.The study found that the improvement of rural infrastructure significantly and steadily promoted individual cognitive ability,health status,and reduced the possibility of school-age children delaying school attendance;Compared with men,the formation of rural women's human capital is more affected by rural roads,which to a certain extent weakens the inequality of human capital between men and women.The influence of the opening of rural roads in different age groups on individual human capital is also different.The improvement of rural infrastructure before birth will help to obtain a higher level of education in the future,and the construction of roads in villages after the age of 6 years.The increase in job opportunities leads to an increase in dropout rates,which in turn is not conducive to the formation of individual human capital.To this end,the government should increase investment in infrastructure in backward areas to allow more people to enjoy the benefits of infrastructure as soon as possible.(4)As an important item of fiscal expenditure,the supply of public services can effectively compensate for the environmental deficiencies faced by vulnerable groups,but whether the impact of opportunities on individual human capital has been eliminated at the present stage,and the achievement of opportunity equity remains to be tested.In the sixth chapter,based on the 2012 and 2014 data of China Family Panel Studies(CFPS),we construct the CES production function of individual's early cognitive ability and healthy human capital,and examine the effect of opportunity on early human capital.It is found that the individual's own efforts significantly and steadily influence the formation of early cognitive ability,while the individual's early health is mainly influenced by the environment,and there is a complementary relationship between the effort and the environment.To improve the marginal productivity of human capital,there are mutual promoting effects.Further analysis shows that after children enter junior middle school,efforts will significantly improve cognitive ability,but before primary school,cognitive ability is mainly influenced by environmental factors.The sub-sample found that the effect of effort on cognitive ability was more significant between urban children and children with good family environment.Therefore,under the current public service background,individuals can improve their human capital to a certain extent,but can not completely replace the role of environmental factors on human capital.Therefore,the government should perfect the current public service policy and stimulate individual efforts.Therefore,it is necessary to improve the public service policy to improve the formation of individual human capital.Firstly,we should further improve the current compulsory education policy,improve the level of teacher equalization in the compulsory education stage,and promote the child nutrition lunch plan;Second,we should increase the protection of preventive medical services and improve the sloping premium subsidy mechanism.Third,we should improve the coverage of infrastructure and pay attention to the equalization of infrastructure investment. |
PDF Full Text Request