Practical Exploration And Contemporary Thinking On The Party-Government Relations From 1949 To 1966

This thesis is an analysis and research on the historical changes and important experiences of party-government relations from 1949 to 1966.It aims to deepen the historical research on party-government relations by sorting out and summarizing the contents of ideas,organizations,personnel and institutions,and take the modernization of national governance as the value orientation,to explore the important experience and value implications of the practice and of party-government relations from 1949 to 1966 in national governance system and governance capacity.The connection and interaction between the CPC and the government as an administrative organ is the party-government relationship defined in this thesis.From 1949 to 1966,the relationship between the Party and the government in China showed an obvious stage change,which was a comprehensive display of the related concepts,structures and interactive forms of the relationship between the party and the government.Based on the needs of governance tasks in different periods and historical traditions,the selective strengthening and adjustment of party-government relationship concepts are the direct driving force for the construction of party-government structure and interactive forms.The party-government structure is the combination form of the party and the government reflected in the aspects of organization and personnel,and it is the relatively stable institutional foundation on which the interaction between the party and the government depends.The operation of party-government relationship is the interaction and functional connection of party-government organizations centered on decision making.The different components of the party and the government systematically participate in the construction of party-government relationship,and follow the horizontal and vertical dimensions of national politics.The running process of the party-government relationship is also the production process of the idea and structure of the new-form party-government relationship.The relationship between the party and the government from 1949 to 1966 can be divided into the following stages:The first period,from 1949 to 1952,was characterized by the"overall leadership" of the Party.The concept of party-government relationship in this period emphasized the precursors and fundamental significance of unifying the general policy by the party,clarified the nature of the united front of the government,and proposed that the functions of the party and the government must be distinguished in the process of government work to avoid the replacement of the all-handling.Under the premise of the party's unified general policy,the government is always in charge of the specific deployment of policies.The second period,from 1953 to 1956,was characterized by the "constant direct leadership" of the Party.In this stage,in order to meet the needs of large-scale planned economic construction,on the one hand,the role of "preliminary examination" and specific deployment of the government leaders was continued,and on the other hand,the right of regular consultation and final examination was strengthened by the party committee leaders.As a result,the Party has strengthened its ability to penetrate the government's decision-making process.The third period,from 1957 to May 1966,was characterized by the "comprehensive and concrete leadership" of the Party.In order to meet the needs of independent exploration all-round construction of socialism,combining the major policies and specific policies,this stage more emphasis on the comprehensiveness of party leadership of the government working content and the concreteness of leading style,on the major policies and specific deployment has been clear about the unified leadership of the Party Central Committee,and thus to change the relationship between party and government in the breakthrough in the past.The central decision-making process still maintains the universality of communication,so as to form the important effectiveness of national governance.The above historical process shows that the relationship between the party and the government is an important part of the national governance system.The concept creation,system construction and mechanism arrangement formed in this historical period have provided rich experience and significant achievements in the national governance system and governance capacity,and the existing institutional advantages created by them are of great value to the modernization of national governance.Party and government function system is core component of the national governance system,established after the founding of the country by political parties the logic premise of party and government function system evolution.The major achievements of the national governance system formed in the above historical process are as follows:First,mission-oriented party leadership and the construction of mission responsibility community are the basis of party and government function system.Mission-oriented parties constitute the unique positioning of party elements in the party and government function system.A mission-oriented party means that the Party consciously sees itself as a tool for the masses to transform the state and control the state machine,rather than as a means for the political elite to gain political power.The leadership of the mission-oriented party makes the functional system of the Party and government in China contain the close relationship among the party,the government and the society in essence.The ruling of the mission-oriented party transforms the Marxist view of the state into a political practice and endows new contents to the nature and function of the government.On the mission level,the party and the government constitute a community of responsibility,and "mission-responsibility" has a fundamental binding force in the construction and operation of the party and government function system.It is based on the fundamental binding force of "mission-responsibility" that the construction form of party and government function system is subject to the realization needs of"mission-responsibility",and has the characteristics of setting measures according to local conditions.With mission-oriented party leadership as the core,national governance presents the basic political logic that the "strong Party" leads the "strong government",and the coordination of party and government function systems shapes the efficiency of national governance system.Second,the Party has created rich experience in the coordinated construction of the party and government function system.From the perspective of the national governance logic in this historical period,the Party has a clear understanding of how to arrange the party and government responsibilities scientifically and rationally from the "political-administrative"process of state power,forming the political and administrative logic with Chinese characteristics,including the exploration of the law of state power.The decision-making system of the party and government is constructed by functional decentralization,which forms the corresponding relationship between the party-government organizations and the political-administrative functions of the country,effectively realizes the politics control over the administration,and ensures the integrity and scientificity of the process of state power.The separation of power formed by the functional decentralization of the party and the government has process,relativity and adjustability,not separation and confrontation of power,which reflects the distribution and operation of governing power between the party and the government.Thirdly,from the perspective of decision-making process,the party-government relationship in this historical period presents a process characteristic of "decision-making integration".Its core is the Party Central Committee's integration of all elements in the decision-making process,and It is based on functional decentralization in decision-making.Under the different characteristics of "overall leadership","constant direct leadership" and"comprehensive and concrete leadership",the process of "decision-making integration"presents a stage form of "seeking common ground in differences",which demonstrates the profound uniqueness of China's national governance logic.Fourth,the national governance system contains the general logic of the party's organizational operation and planning to support the development of the party and government function system.In the function system of the party and government,the high frequency and multi-field institutional reform is a prominent phenomenon in national governance.The organizational planning of the Party includes not only the construction of the party's organizational system,but also the form of party culture and consciousness formed by the party's organizational system,the combination of human resources and the party leadership reflected as the comprehensive ability of the party.Organizational planning of the Party is the condition of institutional development,which concentrates all kinds of elements needed for institutional development,and institutional development is the achievement of governance system created by organizational planning.Although there were twists and turns in the development of the system in history,the powerful collective leadership output by the party's group of politicians played a great role in steadying the direction of the development of the system,resolving risks at critical moments,gathering all forces to promote the effectiveness of the system and so on,and established the system measurement standard based on seeking truth from facts.Based on the achievements of the national governance system,the party-government relationship in this period has formed an important national governance capacity in a broader state-social field.This is mainly reflected in:First,based on the particularity and authenticity of people's democracy,the Party has effectively explored democratic responsible governance on the basis of full interaction between the party and the government.Under the leadership of the CPC,the democratie responsible governance pattern jointly explored by the Party and the government has laid the institutional and capability foundation of "the whole process of people's democracy".The process of democratic responsible governance is composed of democratic content,representative mechanism and state responsibility.The organization and institutional behavior of political parties and governments in each link constitute democratic responsible capacity.Its ability is to effectively integrate the positive factors in the democratic process,fully resolve the internal contradictions,and finally avoid the alienation of democratic implementation through the institutional construction of national responsibility.Second,the adaptive governance capacity generated by party-government interaction represents the and flexibility of the party and the government in governing the country,and is the core and key of national governance capacity.Adaptive governance capacity refers to the ability of party-government interaction to constantly adapt to the changing governance environment and timely output governance efficiency.The adaptive governance ability of the party and government function system avoids the rigidity of the national governance system so that the Party can timely and effectively deal with all kinds of risks in governing the country.One of the core experiences of The Chinese model is to combine the initiative of the governing body with the key organizations and mechanisms in the party and government structure,and then continuously export the adaptive governance capacity.The adaptive governance capacity built by the party-government relationship includes all-round political consultation ability,effective "block" planning ability,dialectical governance ability combining conventional governance with key governance,and broad governance ability.Third,Lead efficient governance with meritocratic logic.Effectiveness is an important dimension of national governance capacity.The meritocratic logic inherent in party-government relations supports efficient governance.On the one hand,the Party optimizes the supply of capable resources as much as possible,takes the training and selection of leading cadres of party members as a very prominent link in state governance,and strengthens the centralization and unification of party organizations' leading power,so as to achieve governance efficiency by creating leading authority.On the other hand,it is the integrated operation of the party and government system centered on the power and capacity dispatching of leading cadres that realizes the political operation process of the coordination of system and personnel,establishes super-strong policy execution force,and improves the efficient governance of the whole national governance system.From the perspective of development,in the process of national governance modernization,the overall leadership of the Party is the fundamental guarantee for the optimal development of party-government relations,creating important conditions for the optimal development of party-government relations,which is significantly different from the reform of party-government relations under the orientation of "separating the party from the government" in both theoretical logic and practical path.Taking historical experience as reference,we should give full play to the advantages of existing systems and make up for shortcomings.This will help further improve the "Chinese plan" for the modernization of national governance and enhance the international discourse power of China's governance.In the process of proposing and practicing the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind,China's governance experience formed in the process of party-government interaction helps western countries to solve the problem of governance flexibility under complex governance conditions.Taking China's experience as reference,in the era of party politics,the building of a powerful political party with people as the center is a prerequisite for national governance;Effective political consultation process is an important basis of adaptive governance.On the basis of the rule of law,the dialectical governance based on the wisdom of adapting measures to local conditions and time conditions can effectively absorb the active role of governance subject and the normative role of governance system,which is conducive to getting rid of the rigid governance situation caused by the logic of western institutionalism.