| Education is the foundation of a hundred years' plan.As the main way of human capital accumulation,education plays a decisive role in the development of economy and society and the great rejuvenation of our nation.Since the eighteenth congress,the central committee with comrade Xi Jinping as its core position have given great priority to education career,vigorously developed education,deepened education reform,taken various measures to promote education equality.Measures such as rural compulsory education nutrition improvement plan,compulsory education "two free fill" policy,the weakness of rural compulsory education school reform plan,government aid programs that brought ordinary high school students with financial difficulties into it,"the central government special fund”that set up to support the development of local colleges and universities,and so on were taken.These measures have been largely improving the education fairness degree,not only reducing education expenditure gap between the urban and rural areas and gap between different regions,but also to some extent blocking the intergenerational transmission of education poverty.Education intergenerational transmission reflects the impact that parents' education level on children's education level.If intergenerational education transmission is strong,the lower education level of parent,the education level of offspring will be lower.The higher parent education level,the offspring of education level will be higher.Through intergenerational transmission,the unfaire in parents' education formed a greater inequality between the children.Therefore,intergenerational education transmission is an important measure to reflect education fairness.In recent years,more and more scholars have launched research to intergenerational transmission.In economics,intergenerational mobility is often used to refer to the strength of intergenerational transmission.The lower the level of intergenerational mobility,the stronger the intergenerational transmission will be,and vice versa.Regional intergenerational education mobility is an important factor of regional equal access to education.It will exert an important impact on the economic and social indicators and individual behavior choices within regions,as well as the harmony and stability of our country and the subjective attitudes and feelings of residents.In the past,because of the limited data and measurement methods,many scholars focused on China's overall level of intergenerational mobility.There are few scholars focusing on intergenerational education mobility differences between different regions and cities.In fact,due to the large number of regions,great differences in development degree and cultural tradition,as well as different educational policies in different regions,the level of intergenerational education mobility in China varies greatly among regions.Therefore,how to measure the level of educational intergenerational mobility in various regions scientifically,present the characteristic facts of educational intergenerational mobility in different regions,and examine the impact of educational intergenerational mobility on the gap between the rich and the poor and the subjective feelings of residents on this basis become very important.It also has strong theoretical value and practical significance to explore possible ways to improve the level of intergenerational education mobility from the perspective of public education expenditure and to put forward corresponding policy recommendations.Based on the above background,this paper mainly carries out the following aspects of work.Firstly,it deduces the theoretical model of income and education intergenerational transmission and analyzes the relevant theories,which lays a theoretical foundation for the empirical work of this paper.Secondly,it compares various measurement methods of intergenerational mobility.We overcome data limitations,and adopt the intergenerational order correlation method that has less measurement errors to measure the level of intergenerational mobility in different regions and cities,showing the differences of intergenerational mobility among different regions and cities.Thirdly,it empirically explores the micro influence of the intergenerational mobility of education.This paper mainly investigates the micro influence of intergenerational mobility of education from the three dimensions:income inequality,residents' subjective well-being and social trust level.It also provides micro evidence for the importance of the issue discussed in this paper.Fourth,it analyzes the influence of public education expenditure on the intergenerational education mobility,and further points out the problems existing in China's public education expenditure so as that we can put forward more targeted policies and suggestions to improve the intergenerational education mobility and narrow the gap of intergenerational education mobility between different regions.Specifically,there are seven chapters in this paper,and the main contents of each chapter are as follows:The first chapter is the introduction.This part expounds the background of the topic selection,the theoretical value and practical significance of the research,explains the core concepts of the paper,presents the research ideas and the whole research framework of the paper,summarizes the research methods adopted in this paper,and finally points out the innovation points and shortcomings of this paper.Chapter two is literature review section.Literature review part focuses on introducing research at home and abroad that was relatively close to the topic in this paper.The literature includes research on the product attribute of education,the calculation of intergenerational elastic,external impact of intergenerational mobility and the influence factors of intergenerational mobility.The study of intergenerational elasticity measurement includes the calculation of intergenerational income elasticity and elasticity of education inter-generational.The study of generational liquidity external effect mainly includes the residents of the gap between rich and poor,the impact on happiness and residents' social trust.In addition,the factors influencing the change of intergenerational mobility includes family background,education policy,and public spending on education.Through reviewing the literature,we found that previous studies paid more attention to the measurement and influence of intergenerational income elasticity at the overall level of the country,but few literatures scientifically measured and systematically analyzed the intergenerational elasticity of education in various regions and cities and in different education levels of China.They provid directions for the research of this paper.The third chapter is model construction and theoretical analysis.This chapter is divided into two parts.In the first part,relevant theories are elaborated,including human capital theory,market failure theory,intergenerational transmission theory,social stratification theory,social mobility theory and the Great Gatsby curve.The second part deduces the theoretical model of the intergenerational transmission of income,extends it to the intergenerational transmission of education,and analyzes the relationship between the educational level of parents and children in the absence of public education expenditure and in the presence of public education expenditure.The fourth chapter,fifth chapter and sixth chapter are the core chapters of this paper.The fourth chapter carries on scientifically measurement on the regional education intergenerational mobility and presents the characteristics of the regional education intergenerational mobility differences.Using databases of China Family Panel Studies(CFPS)2010 and Chinese Household Income Project Survey(CHIP),this part compares the absolute advantages of the generation sequence correlation method(the regression equation is rank-rank form)over the previous methods(the regression equation is the loglog form).Using measurement method in Chetty et.al.(2014),we construct the absolute intergenerational flow index at the regional level.Then we measure the absolute education intergenerational mobility in different provinces,cities and different education levels using the database of China Family Panel Studies(CFPS)in 2010,2012,2014 and 2016.The results show that China's intergenerational mobility gap in different regions and different levels of education is very big.In terms of educational strata,lower and middle educational strata generally have upward mobility in our country,while the higher education strata generally face downward mobility.In terms of areas,the overall mobility is strong in some areas,while mobility in other areas is very low.Take the lowest 25th percentile class for example.The highest absolute intergenerational education mobility at the province level is 17.077,and the lowest is 11.288.The difference between the two is 6 percentile.As to the city level,the difference of the absolute of intergenerational mobility is bigger.The lowest value of the absolute intergenerational mobility is 8.75,and the highest is 19.27.The difference between both is about 11 percentile.The main content of Chapter 5 is the micro-effects of intergenerational mobility in education.This paper believes that when the intergenerational mobility of urban education changes,the income gap of residents will also change.This change will be perceived by local residents and will have an impact on residents' subjective feelings.This article selects the three dimensions which are the gap between the rich and the poor,the residents'subjective well-being,and the sense of trust in others to examine the microscopic impact of changes in intergenerational mobility in education.The gap between the rich and the poor is an important indicator of economic development and social harmony and stability.Happiness is a subjective evaluation of residents' feelings about themselves,and the level of residents'social trust is a subjective evaluation of residents' perceptions of others and society.These three dimensions cover the changes in the overall welfare of residents and are therefore highly representative.This paper matches the absolute education intergenerational mobility of the bottom 25th percentile at the city level measured in Chapter 4 with the city-level macro-database and personal micro-database and conducts an empirical analysis.The empirical results show that the improvement of education intergenerational mobility can effectively narrow the gap between the rich and the poor.When the intergenerational mobility of education declines,the residents' subjective well-being and trust in others will also be significantly reduced.This also further proves the great importance of the problem of this study from a micro level.Therefore,improving the intergenerational mobility of education can narrow the gap between the rich and the poor,improve the happiness of residents and the level of social trust,and provide a possible path for solving social development problems.The sixth chapter focuses on exploring the main factors affecting the intergenerational mobility of education from the perspective of public education expenditure.Through empirical research,this paper finds that among many measurable macro factors,public education expenditure has the most significant impact on the intergenerational mobility of education.Theoretical analysis shows that the scale and structure of public education expenditure will affect the intergenerational mobility of education.At this stage,China's public education expenditure still has many problems.The scale of public education expenditure needs to be improved,especially the proportion of public education expenditure to GDP.Compared with developed countries,China's public education expenditure accounts for a significantly lower proportion of GDP.The structure of public education expenditure in China is still unreasonable,which is mainly manifested in the unreasonableness between urban and rural areas,between different regions,and between different stages of education.In addition,China's educational financial authority and expenditure responsibility are not enough.Coordinating and sorting out the above problems point out the direction for further improving the intergenerational mobility of education.Chapter 7 is the research conclusion and policy recommendations.This chapter firstly summarizes the research conclusions of this paper,and then puts forward some policy suggestions to improve the intergenerational mobility of education,reduce the difference of intergenerational mobility of education,and enhance residents' sense of well-being and social trust.The research in this article is carried out on the basis of previous research.Compared with previous research,the innovations of this article are mainly reflected in the following aspects.First,this article focuses the research on the intergenerational mobility of education at the urban level,unlike the previous literature that pays more attention to the intergenerational mobility of education between regions and urban and rural areas,and has a certain degree of innovation in the research perspective.The essence of the improvement of intergenerational mobility of education is to realize the fairness of educational opportunities between people.The research on the improvement of intergenerational mobility of education from the regional level and urban and rural level is too large and not focused enough.In fact,the realization of the fairness of educational opportunities between people in urban is more important.Through the measurement of the intergenerational mobility of education in different cities,this paper presents the degree of differences in the fairness of educational opportunity among social members within the city,which helps us to understand the facts of the differences in educational intergenerational mobility more comprehensively and propose more practical policy recommendations to improve intergenerational mobility in education.Second,it uses the intergenerational order correlation index to measure the intergenerational mobility of education in each city,and analyzes the changing trend of the intergenerational mobility of cities in my country.It is a useful attempt to accurately measure the intergenerational mobility of urban education.In the past literature,most of the children's education level or years of education are regressed to the parent's education level or years of education.The coefficient returned is the relationship between the education level of the parent and the offspring,or the offspring.To what extent is the level of education affected by the education level of the parents,but this method is not precise,because the education level of the parents and the education level of the offspring do not obey the linear relationship,and the linear relationship is a very important premise if we use OLS.Compared with this method,the intergenerational order correlation not only satisfies the linear relationship.It also have the following advantages:under the premise of changes in samples and variables,the measurement results have not changed significantly which means it has Strong robustness.Third,take the groups whose education level is in the bottom 25th percentile as the main research object,and emphasize the sense of gain and happiness produced by the bottom group in the improvement of intergenerational mobility of education,which is innovative in research objects.According to the level of education,this article divides individuals into four classes:the bottom 25th percentile,the low-middle class 50th percentile,the middle-high class 75th percentile,and the high-level class,and discusses the level and trend of intergenerational mobility in each class.Most of the literature in the past divided individuals into high and low education according to the level of education,but the scope of high and low level of eduction is too large,and it is impossible to focus on the lowest part of the group alone.This article introduces another classification method.This method not only gives the level of intergenerational mobility of each class,but also analyzes the bottom 25th percentile separately.Fourth,it enriches the research on the micro-effects of intergenerational mobility.The macro data and micro database at the city level are matched,and the influence of intergenerational mobility on residents' happiness and social trust is studied.Existing literature has conducted research on intergenerational mobility and residents' well-being,but the research dimensions are relatively broad.This article studies the relationship between intergenerational mobility and residents' well-being from the city level,and deepens the research on happiness.In addition,many existing documents have discussed how to increase the trust of Chinese residents in strangers from different perspectives,including household registration,higher education,compulsory education,dialects,and social segmentation,but few documents have studied it from intergenerational mobility especially from the perspective of intergenerational mobility at the city level.This article not only broadens the perspectives of residents'well-being and social trust,but also proves the importance of intergenerational mobility in education through residents' well-being and social trust. |
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