| China has achieved rapid growth for many years since 1978,but in recent years,China cities have been shrouded in haze.The economic development mode characterized by high consumption in the past has led to the tightening of energy resource constraints and the deterioration of the ecological environment.At present,the urgent problem for China industrial development is how to realize the coordinated development between the two,so as to solve the conflict between economy and energy and jump out of the "energy curse".China’s fundamental transformation of economic growth mode is driven by technological progress,and the common development of economic growth and energy conservation and emission reduction has become a new goal pursued by China.The development of technological progress is not always neutral.Different technologies have different intensity of energy use,and the relative marginal productivity of energy factors is different.Therefore,it shows different characteristics of energy use type and energy saving type.In the process of China’s industry climbing to the high-end position along the global value chain,the energy bias of technological progress will also change.Technological spillover effect,market competition effect,path dependence effect and pollution transfer effect will all pull the degree of energy bias of technological progress from different directions.The four mechanisms restrict and compete with each other to jointly determine the energy bias of technological progress in China.Changing the input structure of production factors,the energy content of products and the share of energy factor income.The existing research has not yet explored the causes of the formation of the energy bias of technological progress from the perspective of the embedded position of the global value chain,especially the lack of research on its mechanism of action,and the law of the role of the embedded position of the global value chain in the energy bias of technological progress,in order to ensure economic growth under energy constraints,reduce economic dependence on energy,and achieve energy consumption and economic growth as soon as possible This is the main starting point of this paper.In this dissertation,China’s industrial energy biased technological progress as the research object,to explore the impact of the embedded position of global value chain on China’s industrial energy biases and its mechanism.Combing the research status of the embedded position of global value chain and energy biased technology progress literature,building a theoretical model of the role of embedded global value chain in the direction of technology progress,measuring the embedded position of China’s industrial global value chain and the energy biased index of technology progress,exploring its characteristics and evolution rules,and empirical research on the influence of embedded position of global value chain in China’s industrial energy biased technology progress.Explaining it’s mechanism from the aspects of technology spillover effect,market competition effect,path dependence effect and pollution transfer effect.Exploring the heterogeneity influence of the embedding mode,direction,market,technology type of global value chain and the heterogeneity of China industry.Exploring the roles China plays in the function of the embedded position of global value chain from aspects of the mode of production,intensity of environmental regulation and policy orientation.(1)The theoretical model of embedded position of global value chain to energy biased technological progress.This paper constructs two sector under the closed economic conditions and embedded position of global value chain.Under the closed economy,the direction of China’s industrial technology progress depends on the relative factor endowment of energy and non energy,relative market competition,relative technology level and relative technology R&D efficiency.Under the open economy,in the process of participating in global value production,the direction of technological progress will also be affected by technology spillover effect,market competition effect,path dependence effect of technological progress and pollution transfer effect of global value production.The spillover effect,market competition effect and path dependence effect of global value chain embeded position is uncertain to the direction of China’s industrial technology progress.The pollution transfer effect promote China’s industrial technology progress to the direction of energy consumption.(2)The measurement of embedded position of global value chain and energy biased technological progress.Construct the energy biased index of China’s industrial technological progress and the embedded position index of global value chain,and draw on the definitions of Hicks(1932)factor saving technological progress and Acemoglu(2002)technological progress bias.Design energy biased technology progress index through the influence of technology progress on relative marginal output of production factors.The production factors are divided into three types:capital,labor and energy,and the production function of CES with three factors nested in two layers is established,then sstimates the elasticity of substitution between capital labor energy factors by using the standardized supply side system estimation method,and calculates the energy bias of technological progress in various industries of China.According to the definition of production length by Wang et al.(2017),the production length is calculated by the average number of times that the added value created by employing factors in the sequential production process is calculated as the total output,and the embedded position index of the global value chain is established with the help of the concept of production length for calculation.The results show that,on the whole,China’s industrial technology progress is generally towards energy conservation and capital use.From the perspective of technology type,the technological progress of medium-class and resource-based industries has a strong energy bias,the technological progress of medium-class and resource-based industries is relatively the most energy consuming,and the technological progress of low-tech industries has the strongest energy-saving attribute.Because the production input factors of high-tech industries are concentrated in capital,its energy bias attribute is weak.Using the world input-output table to calculate the embedded position of the global value chain of China’s industrial industry,we find that China has become the hub of the global value chain,and intermediate goods trade has become the main way for China’s industry to participate in international trade.The industries embedded in the global value chain which has risen are resource and energy intensive industries.The industries with comparative advantages in the international division of labor are still resources and energy products with large energy consumption,serious environmental pollution consequences and low technical requirements.From the perspective of the production length of value chain,the production length of global value chain of most industries has been extended,which indicates that the participation of Chinese industry in global value chain is becoming more refined and complicated.Although the physical position of China’s industry in the global value chain is relatively high,its profitability and value-added ability are relatively low in the whole value chain,and the economic position of most industries is relatively low.From the perspective of one global value chain,half of the industries have no significant difference in the value chain embeddedness in world market,north America market,Asian market and the Belt and Road market.Food,textile,printing and medicine related industries have a higher value chain in the North American market.From the perspective of technology types,resource based industries and medium-class technology based industries in China ’s Industrial sub industries are higher in the global value chain,while low-class technology and high-class technology industries with less energy intensity have no advantages.(3)The influence of the evolution of embedded position of global value chain on China’s industrial energy bias.Firstly,the measurement model is determined as a quadratic curve form by the scatter fitting curve between the embedded position of China’s industrial global value chain and the energy bias index of technological progress,and then the impact of the evolution of the embedded position of global value chain on China’s industrial energy bias is empirically studied.The difference between simple embedding and complex embedding was studied by group regression,and the heterogeneity analysis was carried out to investigate the simple and complex embedding,forward and backward embedding directions,and the change of the direction of technological progress in north America market,Asian market and the Belt and Road market.This paper studies the effect of embedded location of GVC on energy biased technological progress under different environmental regulation intensity,production mode and policy orientation.It is found that,first,the embedded position of China’s industrial global value chain and the energy biased index of technological progress show an inverted U-shaped curve relationship.When the industry is in the low-end position of the global value chain,its rise to the high-end along the global value chain will lead to the trend of technological progress in favor of energy consumption.Only when the industry’s embedded position in the global value chain enters the right side of the inflection point,its position will rise to promote the development of energysaving technology.The second is that the embedding way of China’s industrial industries embedded in the global value chain,the embedding market and the heterogeneity of the industry’s own technology level will cause different changes in the direction of technological progress.Third,the choice of internal or external production mode,the intensity of external environmental regulation and the policy guidance of the central and local governments will affect the direction of China’s industrial technology progress.(4)The transmission mechanism of the embedded position of global value chain to the energy bias of China’s industrial technological progress.The evolution of embedded position of global value chain has multiple mechanisms for energy biased technological progress.In the process of participating in global value production,technology spillover effect,market competition effect,path dependence effect and pollution transfer effect will make the direction of China’s industrial technology progress incline to energy consumption or energy conservation in varying degrees.The strength and direction of various mechanisms determine that the energy bias of China’s industrial technological progress presents different characteristics under different conditions.The four mechanisms of action,which are mutually counterbalanced and constrained,jointly determine the direction of technological progress of Chinese industry under different conditions.In this study,the embedded position of China’s industrial global value chain is taken as the independent variable,the above four mechanisms are taken as the intermediary variables,and the technological progress energy bias of each industry is taken as the dependent variable to build the relevant intermediary effect model and we hope to test the mediating effects of different mechanisms of GVC embeddedness by empirical test.Using the intermediary effect model,we find that the technology spillover effect of the embedded position of global value chain is embodied in the "learning by doing" effect on the one hand,and the"reverse engineering" of imported intermediate products on the other hand.In the process of participating in the global value chain and climbing to the high-end position along the value chain,enterprises will face a larger intermediate input market.The market competition effect of the embedded position of the global value chain is reflected in that,with a country’s position rising in the global value chain,the energy consumption production mode is difficult to cope with the fierce scientific and technological competition upstream of the value chain.Under the pressure of competition,enterprises need to improve production technology and use energy-saving technology with higher energy efficiency to cope with the high requirements of the high-end position of the global value chain for products.On the one hand,the path dependence effect of the embedded position of global value chain is reflected in the inertia of extensive production mode forming economic development,which enlarges the initial international vertical division of labor selection and relies on the input structure of factors with a large share of energy.On the other hand,the enterprise will pay a huge cost to update the production technology,further resulting in the dependence on the use of energy-consuming technology.The pollution transfer effect of the embedded position of global value chain is reflected in that,in the production of products in developed countries,each production process will be scattered around the world through the global value chain,and the core tasks such as product R&D and after-sales service will be kept at home,while the low-tech processes such as parts production and processing assembly will be carried out overseas,and then the developing countries will undertake a large number of pollution production tasks which cause the transfer of polluting industries.(5)The effect of GVC embeddedness on the direction of technological progress is different in different embeddedness ways,embeddedness directions and embeddedness markets,as well as in different production modes of enterprises,different environmental regulation intensities and different policy guidance conditions.By grouping 20 industries in China according to the above-mentioned classification,and using the intermediary effect regression model to test the effect of the four mechanisms.The empirical results show that,from the perspective of global value chain embedding,the simple embedding of China’s industries in global value chain inhibits the technology spillover effect of global value chain embedding location,and the complex embedding of global value chain inhibits the path dependence effect,which can avoid the extensive production mode of China’s industry in the past.From the perspective of the embedding direction of global value chain,the forward embedding of global value chain promotes market competition effect,path dependence effect and pollution transfer effect,while the backward embedding of global value chain promotes technology spillover effect,market competition effect and path dependence effect.From the perspective of enterprise production mode,connotative production mode promotes technology spillover effect and market competition effect,while extended production mode promotes path dependence effect and pollution transfer effect.From the perspective of environmental regulation intensity,low-class environmental regulation intensity promotes path dependence effect and pollution transfer effect,medium-class environmental regulation intensity promotes technology spillover effect and market competition effect,while high-class environmental regulation intensity promotes technology spillover effect,market competition effect and path dependence effect,and under medium-class environmental regulation intensity,the embedded position of global value chain promotes energy-saving technology progress The promotion effect is the strongest.From the perspective of policy orientation,the central policy orientation restrains the four mechanism strengths of the embedded position of global value chain on energy-saving technological progress,while the local policy orientation promotes the four mechanisms. |
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