| Since the 1990s,with the availability of enterprise data,a large number of have compared the main characteristics of export enterprises and non-export enterprises.It is found that export enterprises not only have higher productivity than non-export enterprises,but also pay higher wages than non-export enterprises.The phenomenon of "wage premium" in export enterprises has attracted wide attention in academic circles and has quickly become a new hot spot in the study of trade distribution effect.Although a lot of achievements have been made in recent years,the analysis of intermediate channels and mechanism of action is relatively insufficient.Based on this,this study from the wage decision,from the three aspects of the interaction between enterprises,workers,enterprises and workers to examine the role of exports on the enterprise wage premium mechanism,in turn for the enterprise productivity mechanism,labor composition mechanism and rent sharing mechanism —— This provides new evidence for revealing the source of wage premium for export enterprises,and provides empirical support for the government to attach importance to the distribution effect of international trade and to formulate relevant policies.The full text includes the following five parts: the first part is theoretical analysis.Based on the theory of enterprise heterogeneity and the theory of incomplete competitive labor market,the relationship between export,enterprise productivity and wage premium,export,labor composition and wage premium,and the relationship between export,collective bargaining power of workers and wage premium are derived respectively.The second part to the fourth part is the empirical analysis.Using the joint data of Chinese industrial enterprise data and customs data,the three mechanisms of action proposed in the theoretical part are tested in turn.The second part examines the effect of export on enterprise wages after controlling the influencing factors such as enterprise characteristic variables.Considering the possible heteroscedasticity and endogeneity,quantile regression and propensity score matching estimation are used in the specific analysis.Then the intermediary effect model is used to test the productivity mechanism of wage premium in export enterprises.At last,we compare the specific influence of different production scale,technology type,retention time,industry category and export under ownership on enterprise wage premium.The third part,after controlling the characteristic variables of enterprise and labor force,empirically tests the influence of export on enterprise wages.The quantile regression and tendency score matching method are used in the specific analysis.By using the intermediary effect model,the labor force composition mechanism of wage premium in export enterprises is tested,and the influence of export on different educational levels,production experience and gender workers’ wages is compared by using sample regression.Finally,the influence of exports on the gender wage premium and the skill wage premium in enterprises is discussed.The fourth part first constructs the theory model to measure the collective bargaining power of the enterprise workers.Then we use micro data to test the influence of export on workers’ collective bargaining power,and adopt panel tool variable method in the concrete analysis.Finally,the rent sharing mechanism of wage premium for export enterprises is tested.The fifth part is the summary and summary of the main conclusions,and puts forward policy suggestions from the aspects of trade upgrading,industrial upgrading,talent introduction and optimization.Based on the above,the main conclusions of this study are:First,the results of theoretical research show that the productivity level of export enterprises is higher than that of non-export enterprises,and the labor resources of export enterprises are better than that of non-export enterprises,so export enterprises pay higher wages than non-export enterprises.However,the wage premium for exporters is not entirely dependent on external conditions of relative quality.On the other hand,export helps workers to realize more "rent sharing" within enterprises,increase the proportion of labor income within enterprises,and then produce wage premium to non-export enterprises.Second,from the perspective of enterprises: the estimation results of basic regression and tendency score matching show that after controlling the enterprise characteristic variables and other influencing factors,the export still significantly increases the enterprise wage level.This conclusion is still robust after changing the measurement of export variables,eliminating abnormal sample points and introducing more control variables.The results of quantile regression show that exports have a more significant impact on the wages of low-income groups.Enterprise productivity plays an intermediary effect in the process of increasing enterprise wages by export.Further research also found that in larger enterprises,technology-intensive enterprises,long-lived enterprises,enterprises in high-tech industries and public-owned enterprises,exports have a relatively greater impact on workers’ wages.Third,from the perspective of workers,whether the basic regression or the tendency score matching,the estimation results show that after controlling the enterprise characteristic variable and the labor force characteristic variable at the same time,the export can still significantly improve the enterprise wage level.This conclusion is still robust after changing the measurement of enterprise wage level,changing the measurement of export variables,using only female employee sample regression and eliminating abnormal sample points.The composition of labor force within the enterprise plays the role of intermediate channel in the process of increasing the wages of the enterprise through export.Further studies show that exports have a relatively greater impact on the wages of highly educated workers,workers with extensive work experience and male workers.In addition,exports will further expand the gender wage premium and skill wage premium within the enterprise.From the point of view of the interaction between enterprises and workers: the estimation results of basic regression and panel tool variable method confirm that exports can significantly improve the collective bargaining power of enterprise workers;in public type enterprises,high-tech enterprises,heavy industry enterprises,the impact of exports on the collective bargaining power of workers is relatively more significant.Exports increase the share of workers’ profits within the enterprise,which means the increase of labor income share.The collective bargaining power of workers plays an intermediary effect in the process of increasing the wages of enterprises.Compared with previous studies,there are three possible innovations in this study:First,starting with the problem of wage decision,this paper analyzes the influence of export on the wage premium of enterprises from three aspects: the demand side of labor force,the supply side of labor force and the supply and demand side of labor force.Compared with the existing research,the analytical framework of this study is more complete and the perspective is more comprehensive.Secondly,it focuses on the mechanism of export on enterprise wages.At present,the research on the relationship between export and wage in Chinese enterprises mainly focuses on the existence of wage premium,influencing factors,and the relationship between export and enterprise wage.However,the influence channel or mechanism of export on enterprise wage is relatively few.An empirical test of the three mechanisms of export impact on corporate wages —— which is the core innovation of this study.This study provides new insights into the sources of export wage premiums and provides empirical support for existing related studies.Third,this study measures the collective bargaining power of workers to the enterprise level by establishing theoretical models and constructing transcendental logarithmic production functions.Then it verifies that the collective bargaining power of workers plays the role of intermediate channel in the process of increasing enterprise wages in export,which means that export not only increases the wage level of enterprise workers,but also alleviates labor relations to a certain extent.This is relatively rare in similar research on China. |
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