Traditional Operating And Salt Affairs Reform Of E(?)i Na?ur's Pool Salt Since Modern Times

The Mongolian region under the Qing Dynasty was composed of different Mongolian banners,and the Jasa G nobles of the Mongolian banner had the privilege to control the pastures,minerals and other resources within their jurisdiction.There was a salt pool on the border of right üjümücin Banner and left Qa Gucid Banner,ilin Gool League.It was named E(?)i na?ur and was jointly managed and operated by the above two banners.The salt produced was called blue halitum,which was widely sold in the north and south of the Great Wall.For the Mongolian people,the transportation and sale of blue halitum was an important way to exchange and purchase daily necessities.For the surrounding markets,blue halitum was a commodity with special value.In the "New Policy" period at the end of the Qing Dynasty,the Qing government fundamentally changed their Mongolian policy,from "administration under the custom" to fully open up Mongolian land,developed and utilized Mongolian banners' resources.At this time,the management of E(?)i na?ur's pool salt became an entry point for the Qing government to manage economic production and resource development in Mongolia.It attempted to change the traditional management of blue halitum through salt affairs reforms and realize the monopoly system in order to increase fiscal revenue and achieve the purpose of strengthening the rule of Mongolia.The government of the Republic of China inherited and further promoted the reform of salt affairs,and finally incorporated blue halitum into the salt management system at the national level,bringing it into line with the salt management of the mainland,and gradually realized the unity of management.The dissertation is based on the research of predecessors,mainly accessed original archival documents including Zhupi memorials of palace archives in the first historical archives of China,Archives of the Salt Transport Commission of the Three Eastern Provinces and Archives of Jehol Governor's Office in Liaoning Archives,etc.This dissertation also used materials such as salt affairs chronicles,local chronicles,newspapers and survey reports.Sort out the traditional management of E(?)i na?ur's pool salt since the Qing Dynasty,and discuss the implementation of the national unified salt management system in the salt transportation and marketing of the pool salt in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China.Including initial attempts,specific steps,gradually complete measures and their effects.At the same time,it also talked about the response and adaptation of the society and the people in the traditional transportation and marketing area in the process of national policy implementation and deepening.The thesis is divided into four chapters.Chapter one,on the basis of narrating the general situation of E(?)i na?ur salt pool,the transportation and marketing links of blue halitum.Since Mongolian Banner pursues a free shipping and marketing system after tax,the free circulation of blue halitum has promoted the exchanges and interactions between Mongolian Banners and surrounding areas.Chapter two first elaborates the national salt management situation in the late Qing Dynasty and the background of the beginning of the rectification of blue halitum.Secondly,it sorts out the local governments and the Qing court to manage and rectify the context of blue halitum,as well as the Mongolian banners' response to the government's salt reform.During this period,the Qing government was committed to reviving the right to manage blue halitum through salt reforms.But in the end,it failed to achieve the expected goal,and blue halitum was still managed by Mongolian banners.Chapter three examines the process by which the management of blue halitum was incorporated into the national unified salt management system,and realized systematic management from three aspects: the changes of salt management agencies,taxation and the signing of the "contract for buying Mongolian salt".Among them,the signing of the "contract for buying Mongolia salt" caused a fundamental change in E(?)i na?ur's pool salt's traditional management,and the management right of the E(?)i na?ur's pool salt was transferred to the unified management of the central government.Chapter four discusses the issue of "Mengsi",the emergence of "Mengsi",smuggling and anti-smuggling,which is outside of the systematic management.At the same time,At the same time,case studies are used to reflect the implementation of systematic management,the changes brought about by the people's livelihood and the social problems that follow.While summarizing the content of the thesis in the epilogue,it also explains related issues that need to be discussed in depth.