| Rail transit sector has entered a period of large-scale development in China,and rail transit has become the main mode of urban transport system.With the expansion of rail transit system scale,the huge construction and operation costs put pressure on the cities' fiscal system,while on the other hand,the operation efficiency of rail transit has not been fully brought into play,and rail transit network is to some extent disjointed from urban space expansion and land use,thus the input-output efficiency of developing rail transit needs to be improved urgently.As the principal part of urban public policy,city governments are gradually turning to rely on comprehensive management tools including economic,legal,administrative aspects,instead of relying only on administrative means,and economic policy will surely become an important means in the near future,in which price policy is an effective tool in manipulating transport service market supply and demand.The fare reform implemented in Beijing in 2014 provided conditions for implementation of a more flexible price mechanism,while since then although the starting conditions for price adjustment have been met according to the rules,yet non price adjustment has been implemented ever since,indicating that the price setting of rail transit involves complex factors and still needs to be further studied.Since transportation is one of the basic functions of city,there is a close cooperative and interactive relationship between the two systems.The root of problem faced by urban transit system is a mismatch of travel demand derived by urban activity and supply capcacity of transport system.Under the premise of relatively stable transport supply level,it is an effective way to solve the current problem to elaborate transport demand management and promote supply and demand adaptation by formulating differentiated pricing strategy from the demand side.Main research contents of this dissertation include:(1)to analyze the function of rail transit price within the transportation and city interaction mechanism and its limitations under the influence of government regulation pricing.(2)to analyze the differences of rail transit passenger flow characteristics in multiple dimensions including space,time and group,and conduct clustering analysis on rail transit demand based on passenger flow,travel distance and time consumption etc.,to identify the demand components of market segments.The price elasticity is calculated according to each segmented demand,and the main influencing factors of price elasticity and spatial clustering characteristics are analyzed,so as to fully understand the differentiated demand characteristics of rail transit.(3)to analyze the influence of price on travel mode choice behavior and residence/working location choice behavior from the short-term and long-term perspectives respectively,under the framework of the transport-city interaction mechanism,seeking for the explanation of behavior mechanism on price elasticity of rail transit passenger flow.(4)to build the time-space resource utility efficiency model and demand management model based on price elasticity,as the basement of urban rail transit price level multi-objective programming(MOP)model,in order to improve the matching degree of transport system supply and urban travel demand.The MOP model optimized price level using rail transit network supply/demand ratio,network equilibrium degree,average daily fare revenue(assuming that operating costs remain stable)and average travel cost as objective functions from government,enterprise and traveler aspects.(5)to calculate the optimal price scheme according to market demand segmentation in multiple dimensions including space,time and group,taking Beijing as an example,and the advantages and disadvantages of price optimization schemes in different dimensions are comprehensively compared.Theoretically,this dissertation reveals the dominant role and interest appeal of city governments in transport-city interaction mechanism and price policy,from the perspective of rail transit sustainable development,builds multidimensional demand market segmentation,passenger flow characteristic analysis and differential pricing policy analysis framework in space,time and group dimensions,analyzes the short term and long term micro-level behavior mechanism of rail transit price elasticity,and expands space perspective research methods in transport economic policy research,to provide reference for transportation price optimization research.Practically,the research conclusion can provide reference for the city governments to formulate differentiated pricing policy reform practice in space,time and group dimensions.Main conclusions of this dissertation include:(1)rail transit price level can influence both enterprise operating revenue/expenditure and government fiscal revenue/expenditure,by directly influencing enterprise fare income.Yet affected by public welfare attribute and subsidy mechanism of rail transit,operating enterprises are not sensitive to price changes,while city governments are more sensitive,as the principal part of pricing,and need to take prudent way of pricing from the perspective of fiscal revenue/expenditure and social justice.(2)Rail transit passenger flow characteristics are significantly different in space,time and group dimensions.The price elasticity of travel demand in group dimension is higher than that in time dimension,and in space dimension.The price elasticity of working days is lower than that of monthly average day and rest days.The price elasticity of travel demand in spatial dimension(OD)has significant negative correlation with travel time,distance,cost,number of trips(passenger flow)and total travel turnover etc.,and is closely related to passenger flow components(ratio of different time and group segmentation),yet by contrast the correlation between price elasticity in spatial(station),time and group dimension with the above factors are relatively weak.The price elasticity coefficients of rail transit stations have significant spatial clustering characteristic,and the spatial clustering characteristic of working days is more obvious than that of rest days.(3)Adopting differential pricing strategy for segmented demand components in space,time,group dimensions,can effectively improve the time-space resource utilization efficiency(the ratio of transport supply and demand)and equilibrium degree of rail transit system supply,at the same time increase operating enterprise income,promoting rail transit sustainable operation,but also mean traveler cost will be increased.The effects of differential pricing in different dimensions are quite distinct,embodied in the outcome that the effect on utilization efficiency and equilibrium degree of supply time-space resource in spatial dimension is not significant,while the utilization efficiency will decrease in time and group dimensions.If the current overall price level of rail transit system remains unchanged along with the implementation of differentiated pricing of segmented demand,it can still improve the resource utilization efficiency of the rail transit system and the sustainable operation of the enterprise.And compared with the situation without limitation of overall price level,the multi-objectives of government,enterprise and traveler can be better synchronously optimizated. |
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