Research On The Long-term Mechanism Of Sustainable Livelihood Poverty Alleviation In Deeply Impoverished Areas

In 2020,the poverty alleviation tasks have been completed around China,but this does not mean we have done the alleviation work once and for all.Rather,it just demonstrates that we have completed the historic task of comprehensive poverty alleviation at a critical time.The subsequent poverty alleviation consolidation work and the sustainable livelihood of poor farmers will be even more crucial,especially for areas of extreme poverty,where the special natural,social,historical and cultural background has led to their low economic development levels,adding to the poverty alleviation work.Moreover,in the later stage of poverty alleviation and the new development connotation of Rural Revitalization in 2020,advancing high-quality poverty alleviation in areas of extreme poverty has become a key breakthrough point of building a moderately prosperous society and sharing the fruits of development in all respect.However,as the poverty alleviation progresses,though the external factors of poverty in areas of extreme poverty areas have been gradually improved,problems such as low poverty alleviation efficiency,slowing pace of poverty reduction,and repeated poverty have gradually emerged.It can be seen that the livelihood of poor farmers is still relatively fragile due to the impact of subjective and objective factors.What's worse,after the poverty alleviation work is fully completed and large-scale withdrawal of poverty alleviation resources,our country will be more likely to have a short-term effect of poverty alleviation and face the problem of returning to poverty for the people who have already escaped from poverty.At the same time,with the development of social and economic life and national economic structure,poverty brings about many new diversified problems which are different from the traditional concept of poverty line.The areas of extreme poverty mixed with material poverty and spiritual poverty will face more endogenous development problems after the elimination of absolute poverty.Compared with other poverty-stricken areas,the endogenous sustainable livelihood in areas of extreme poverty is more difficult to rebuild.Influenced by culture of poverty in a long time,even though most of the children of poor parents successfully get rid of poverty with the help of poverty alleviation resources,they have no substantial improvement in their livelihood.The root cause of these is the lack of long-term mechanism for poverty alleviation,the lack of motivation for endogenous development of poor farmers and the lack of sustainable livelihood development capabilities,all of which make it difficult to truly obtain stable livelihood security and continuous upward space.Against this background,the establishment of a long-term mechanism for poverty alleviation in areas of extreme poverty appears to be especially urgent.Poverty management at home and abroad has effectively proved that the key to high-quality poverty alleviation is to establish a long-term poverty alleviation mechanism based on the improvement of poor farmers' independent development capabilities,so they can develop the ability to carry out capital operation on their own and achieve sustainable livelihood development through endogenous poverty alleviation.Therefore,it is of great theoretical and practical value to conduct in-depth research on long-term poverty alleviation in areas of extreme poverty through theoretical exploration and provide theoretical and decision-making basis for solving practical problems of longterm poverty alleviation in these areas.This paper takes the theory of sustainable livelihood and the theory of feasible capabilities as the main line,and takes the theory of expectation,the theory of precise poverty alleviation,and the theory of mechanism design as the theoretical basis,through in-depth analysis of the realization mechanism of the long-term poverty alleviation of poor farmers in areas of extreme poverty,a long-term mechanism for sustainable livelihood poverty alleviation is established.Based on the relevant literature on poverty alleviation in areas of extreme poverty,sustainable livelihood and poverty alleviation,capacity and poverty alleviation,and the construction of long-term mechanism for poverty alleviation,the paper constructs a theoretical framework of long-term poverty alleviation mechanism with the coupling of livelihood capital and livelihood transformation ability of poor farmers.In-depth analysis of the livelihood capital,livelihood conversion ability and long-term poverty alleviation mechanism of poor farmers in areas of extreme poverty,help to build long-term poverty alleviation mechanism and enhance the ability of independent development of them,and then achieve the core of long-term poverty alleviation.Finally,based on the theory of mechanism design and the reality,a long-term mechanism for sustainable livelihood poverty alleviation in areas of extreme poverty was constructed.Research conclusions show:First,the theory of sustainable livelihoods and the theory of feasible ability provide a systematic theoretical analysis framework for poor farmers' poverty alleviation research from different perspectives,and provide theoretical support for the establishment of the long-term mechanism analysis framework of poverty alleviation in this paper.Livelihood capital is the foundation of poor farmers' development,while the livelihood transformation ability is their potential of development.Through the coupling of the two,a spiral increase in the optimization of livelihood of poor farmers is realized.Therefore,this paper believes that the complete eradication of poverty in areas of extreme poverty should be refined from two aspects: livelihood capital and livelihood transformation ability of poor farmers,which specially includes the following factors.Firstly,poor farmers have built new development momentum with the help of external poverty alleviation resource,allocating and utilizing these resources more efficiently;Secondly,the endogenous development motivation has been stimulated,so they can seek a positive livelihood model positively under the impact of modern culture;Moreover,they have acquired the ability to resist livelihood risks,and rely on their own ability to select,acquire and accumulate livelihood resources,thus producing a virtuous cycle from optimization of livelihood capital to promotion of livelihood conversion ability.At the same time,under the framework of the theoretical basis of expectation,this paper explores the influence of incentives on the independent development ability of poor farmers,and maximizes the degree of personal efforts through appropriate external mechanism design,so that poor farmers can quickly accumulate livelihood capital and rebuild their livelihood ability by relying on their personal capabilities after optimizing their livelihood structure and adjusting their functions through external assistance,thereby achieving the goal of livelihood and achieving long-term poverty alleviation.Second,the livelihood capital of poor farmers in areas of extreme poverty is still at a relatively low level,and the total amount,structure and quality of livelihood capital need to be fully optimized.With the supply of a large number of poverty alleviation resources in a short time,livelihood capital in areas of extreme poverty have been greatly improved.However,from the perspective of long-term poverty alleviation,the imbalance of the livelihood capital structure and the low degree of coupling and coordination have led to the unstable and unbalanced livelihood system of poor rural household.Also,it presents livelihood fragility and functional fragility,plus a weak foundation for poverty alleviation.The long-term poverty alleviation effect reflected by various livelihood capital is also different.The abundance of the total livelihood capital can't be the only criterion for judging poor farmers to achieve stable and long-term poverty alleviation.It is necessary to comprehensively analyze the effect of the total livelihood capital,structure and quality on the long-term poverty alleviation in combination with the actual situation of the region.Third,poor farmers' livelihood conversion capacity in areas of extreme poverty is low.That is largely due to their poor ability to develop independently.Poor farmers have realized the expansion of their livelihood capital with external assistance,but the lack of development capabilities caused by low comprehensive cultural quality plus lagging concepts has led to their inability to efficiently use various productive and non-productive factors,which affects the active livelihood behavior of poor farmers and decreases the efficiency of livelihood capital utilization.Fourth,the key to achieving stable and long-term poverty alleviation of poor farmers in areas of extreme poverty is the coupling and coordination of livelihood capital and livelihood transformation ability.The higher the degree of coupling and coordination between the two,the higher the level of long-term poverty alleviation for poor farmers.Under the coupling coordination of the two,the livelihood capital can be effectively activated,the effective transformation channel between the various livelihood capital is opened,the resource utilization and allocation ability of poor farmers are continuously improved,and their livelihood gradually tends to be sustainable.For the poor farmers whose livelihood capital and livelihood transformation ability coupling coordination are below the primary coordination level,which will be the targets of high-quality poverty alleviation in 2020,and they still need to adhere to the policy of poverty alleviation and help.Fifth,multiple factors have comprehensive effects on the coupling coordination of livelihood capital and livelihood conversion ability of poor farmers.For poor farmers to achieve long-term poverty alleviation,endogenous force is the key,administrative force is the guide,and market force is the core.They work together to build a sustainable livelihood for poor farmers,improve their livelihood conversion ability,optimize the livelihood capital combination,improve capital utilization efficiency,and form a sustainable livelihood cycle relying on their own ability.However,for the minority areas of extreme poverty,the impact of social and cultural factors can not be underestimated,and it is also a key reason for the subsequent promotion of high-quality poverty alleviation.Various social and cultural measures should be taken to enhance the endogenous development motivation of poor farmers and stimulate their independent livelihood behaviors.At the same time,in the modern open market economy,the realization of longterm poverty alleviation requires that poor farmers be placed in market economy,whose effects can improve the use of livelihood capital and livelihood adaptability.It is in this way that a "market-oriented livelihood mode" is formed based on the market development law,so as to optimize the coupling coordination of livelihood capital and livelihood conversion ability.Undoubtedly,such a poverty alleviation model is resilient and sustainable.Sixth,a sustainable livelihood-based long-term poverty alleviation mechanism is an important guarantee for poor farmers in areas of extreme poverty.In the later stage of poverty alleviation,it is necessary to effectively grasp the subjectivity,policy connectivity and market linkage and the participation of various social organizations based on the improvement of poor farmers` livelihood.Moreover,it is also of necessity to build an endogenous,multi-dimensional and preventive long-term poverty alleviation mechanism with the characteristics of areas of extreme poverty,with improvement of poor farmers' self-development capabilities being the key,from the perspectives of regional development,market participation,social culture,poverty alleviation organization resource,policy guarantees etc.,.The innovation of this paper are as follows:First,this research constructs a theoretical analysis framework of a long-term mechanism for sustainable livelihood poverty alleviation in areas of extreme poverty.On the basis of sustainable livelihood theory,feasible ability theory,expectation theory and other foundations,with livelihood capital and livelihood conversion capacity as the main line,the paper explores the current livelihood capital(development basis)and dynamic livelihood conversion capacity(development potential)of poor farmers.In fact,it innovatively builds a theoretical analysis framework of “livelihood capital-livelihood conversion capacity-long-term poverty alleviation”,and provides a more systematic theoretical analysis for the research on long-term poverty alleviation of poor farmers in areas extreme poverty,enriching the application of sustainable livelihood theory,feasible ability theory and expectation theory in poverty governance.Second,Through the coupling coordination of livelihood capital and livelihood transformation ability,we can evaluate the long-term poverty alleviation of poor farmers.From the perspective of high-quality and long-term poverty alleviation,neither single livelihood capital nor livelihood conversion ability can reflect the requirements of poor farmers' long-term poverty alleviation.Based on the expectation theory,this paper innovatively evaluates the realization of long-term poverty alleviation of poor farmers' through the coupling of livelihood capital and livelihood transformation ability,so as to fundamentally find out the deep-seated reasons for the current unstable and unsustainable poverty alleviation of poor farmers',and find the correct point to accurately improve the effectiveness of poverty alleviation.Third,introduces the "input-output" analysis of economics to build an analysis framework for the livelihood conversion capacity of poor farmers in areas of extreme poverty.Based on Amartya Sen's ability analysis model,using the "input-output" analysis method in economics to dynamically explore the livelihood conversion ability of poor farmers in natural exchange system,market exchange system and social exchange system,and uses super efficiency SBM model to build a "black box" of livelihood conversion of poor farmers to measure their livelihood conversion ability and accurately reveal their development potential.