| The aquaculture industry is the fastest growing food production sector in the world.China is the largest aquaculture country in the world,ranking first in terms of output and area.The rapid development of the aquaculture industry has made outstanding contributions to solving the problem of ‘Eating fish is difficult and the price of fish is expensive’ for Chinese residents,ensuring national food safety,improving the level of nutrition and health of the whole people,and reducing the intensity of fishery resources utilization in natural waters.The aquaculture industry has been in the midst of mandatory and induced institutional changes in China,and the continuous change of production organization model has promoted the improvement of labor productivity and specialization of aquaculture industry.Howerver,with the popularization of the concept of cleaner production,aquaculture farmers have to make a choice between environmental benefits and economic benefitss in the production process.This raises an important question for the academic community:Can an appropriate production organization model encourage producers to produce cleanly and increase their income,so as to achieve the balance of environmental and economic effects? This question specifically includes the following three points.(1)which factors have influenced aquaculture farmers to choose aquaculture production organization mode?(2)How do different production organization models affect the cleaner production behaviors of aquaculture farmers? What is the mechanism of action?(3)Can cleaner production practices improve the economic benefits of aquaculture farmers? For aquaculture farmers in different production organization models,are the economic benefits produced by their cleaner production behaviors obviously heterogeneous? What is its mechanism of action?This research starts with exploring the influence of production organization model on the cleaner production behaviors of aquaculture farmers and its driving mechanism.Firstly,this research theoretically explores the relationship between transaction costs and the choice of aquaculture farmers’ production organization mode,and analyzes the impact of different production organization modes on the cleaner production behaviors of aquaculture households from the perspective of industrial organization,as well as the different economic consequences of different cleaner production behaviors,which provides the theoretical basis for this study;secondly,based on the micro-investigation data of aquaculture households,this research uses the multivariate Logit model to conduct empirical research on the factors affecting the choice of aquaculture households’ production organization mode;thirdly,it uses endogenous transformation regression(ESR)and propensity score Matching model(PSM)to explore the generation mechanism of cleaner production behaviors of aquaculture households from the perspective of production organization mode,and the heterogeneous impact of different cleaner production behaviors on the income of aquaculture households and its mechanism;finally,in view of the characteristics of the selection of the production organization mode of aquaculture farmers,the cause and mechanism of cleaner production behaviors,it put forward suggestions which can encourage farmers to produce clean aquatic products and increase their income.The main research conclusions of this paper are as follows:(1)From the perspective of contract,Chinese aquaculture industry mainly has three types: complete market transaction mode,horizontal cooperation mode and vertical cooperation mode.Due to the difference in contractual relations,there are significant differences in market and opportunistic risks.Among them,in the complete market transaction model,there is not a long-term contractual relationship between aquaculture farmers and upstream and downstream manufacturers.Production and operation are completely affected by market mechanisms.There are no reliable productive service providers and reliable sales channels,and famers face huge market risks and opportunistic risks.In the horizontal cooperation model,farmers sign equal horizontal cooperation contracts with cooperatives or aquatic enterprises.The horizontal cooperation contracts enable cooperatives and aquatic enterprises to provide farmers with reliable productive services,but farmers need to conduct complete market transactions through other channels.Facing a certain degree of opportunistic risk on the sales side.In the vertical collaboration model,there is a vertical collaboration contract relationship between farmers and aquatic products companies and aquatic cooperatives.Vertical collaboration organizations provide farmers with productive services and product purchase and sales services.In this model,farmers face smaller market risks and opportunistic risks.However,due to the difference in size between farmers and vertical organizations,if there is no sufficient competition among vertical cooperative organizations,farmers may also suffer from opportunistic behaviors of aquatic enterprises and cooperatives.(2)The choice of the production organization mode of aquaculture farmers is significantly affected by transaction costs.Different types of transaction costs have heterogeneous effects on the choice of the production organization mode of aquaculture farmers.The higher the transaction frequency,the more farmers prefer to choose horizontal and vertical cooperative production organizations.The specificity of different assets has different effects on the choice of the production organization mode of aquaculture farmers;when geographic specificity and human capital specificity increase,aquaculture farmers prefer to choose more closely organized horizontal and vertical cooperative production organizations;With increasing facility specificity,aquaculture farmers prefer to choose a full market transaction model.Environmental uncertainty and production uncertainty have significant heterogeneity in the influence of farmers’ choice of production organization mode.When environmental uncertainty increases,aquaculture farmers tend to choose a more flexible and short-term production organization model,which is a full market transaction model.As production risks and production uncertainty increase,aquaculture farmers are more inclined to join tight production organizations to avoid possible production risks.(3)The tightness of the production organization model significantly affects the cleaner production behaviors of aquaculture households;production process constraints and product quality constraints are intermediary variables that affect the cleaner production behaviors of aquaculture households by the production organization mode;the tightness of the production organization model has a heterogeneous effect on the cleaner production behavior of aquaculture farmers in the compact production organization model,and there are differences in endowments.Under the counterfactual hypothesis scenario,the simulation assumes that farmers who have actually participated in the compact production organization model do not participate in the compact production organization model,their cleaner production behaviors will be reduced;the simulation assumes that the farmers who are not actually involved in the compact production organization model participate in the compact production Organizational model,their cleaner production behaviors will increase.There are differences in the cleaner production behaviors of farmers in different production organization models.Among them,the farmers participating in the vertical cooperative organization model are the most active,the second is the farmers participating in the horizontal cooperative organization,and the farmers participating in the full market transaction model have the most negative attitude.The impact of the compact production organization model on the cleaner production behaviors of aquaculture farmers has different endowments.Farmers with a higher level of education,a larger number of laborers,and a larger planting area will have a higher level of cleaner production behaviors after participating in the compact production organization model.The production organization model can directly affect the cleaner production behaviors of aquaculture farmers,or it can act on the cleaner production behaviors of aquaculture farmers through the partial mediation effect of production process constraints and product quality constraints.The mediating effect of the two paths accounted for 16.5% and 53.2% of the total effect respectively.(4)Cleaner production behaviors can effectively increase the income of aquaculture households;the impact of cleaner production behaviors of aquaculture households in different production organization models on their income is different;the transmission mechanism shows that the current cleaner production behaviors of aquaculture households has not the effect of high quality and good price product,and the cleaner production behaviors of farmers mainly increases the income by increasing production..Under the counterfactual framework,the average total aquaculture income of aquaculture households with less cleaner production behaviors was 11.160 units;the average total aquaculture income of aquaculture households with more cleaner production behaviors rose to 11.901 units,an increase of 0.741 units.In the full market transaction model,cleaner production behaviors do not significantly increase because of the increasing income.Participating in the cleaner production behaviors of farmers in the vertical cooperative organization model and horizontal cooperative organization has significantly increased because of the increasing income.Cleaner production behaviors can directly affect the income effect of aquaculture farmers,and can also act on the total income of aquaculture farmers through the partial mediation effect of increasing product sales.Among them,the mediation effect accounts for 24.7% of the total effect.Since consumers cannot recognize aquatic products of clean production and the high cost of cleaner production behaviors,the two paths including increasing product prices and reducing production costs to promote income have failed the significance test.The value and innovation of this study are mainly reflected in the following aspects:Firstly,focusing on production organization model to analyze the influencing factors and mechanism of cleaner production behaviors of aquaculture farmers,this research expands and enriches the perspective of farmers’ cleaner production behaviors research.Existing studies have mostly explained farmers’ behaviors in terms of their endowments and policy environment,while few considered the impact of production organization patterns on farmers’ behaviors.This research focuses on the impact of the production organization model on the cleaner production behaviors of aquaculture farmers and mechanism,which expands and enriches the research perspective of the cleaner production behaviors of farmers.Secondly,this research is based on the classic SCP paradigm,based on transaction cost theory and farmer behavior theory,explores the generation mechanism and externalities of the cleaner production behaviors of aquaculture farmers from a micro perspective,and builds a theoretical analysis framework of "organization-behavior-performance".This research analyzes the choice of the production organization mode of aquaculture farmers,from the perspective of transaction costs.On the basis of the heterogeneity of the production organization model it explains the cleaner production behaviors of aquaculture farmers,and analyzes the income differences caused by the cleaner production behaviors.Besides,this research discuss how aquaculture farmers improve their cleaner production behaviors to increase their income from the perspective of improving the production organization model and reducing transaction costs.This systematic analysis framework for cleaner production behaviors of aquaculture farmers is relatively novel.Thirdly,from the perspective of research,existing studies classified the production organization mode of farmers mainly based on the types of production organizations that farmers participate in.Generally,farmers who cooperate with cooperatives are simply considered to join horizontal cooperative organizations and farmers cooperating with enterprises are simply considered to join vertical cooperative organizations,but those reseach did not check the actual contractual relationship between farmers and the organization.This study does not consider the names of the cooperative organizations when investigating the production organization mode of the farmers,but starts from the contract perspective,and classifies the production organization mode according to the actual contract between the farmers and the cooperative organization.This method can enrich and expand the existing researches on agricultural production organization. |
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