| Chinese swine industry is transforming from farmer's free-ranging to large-scale and intensification,and has become the pillar industries of agriculture and rural economy.However,swine industry is a resource consumption and environment polluting industry,it's traditional extensive development pattern caused agricultural non-point source pollution that mainly involves livestock and poultry manure and produced serious environmental negative externalities,which are not conducive to the sustainable development of swine industry.Based on the requirement of the Production Development Plan for National Swine Industry issued by ministry of agriculture,transforming the development mode of swine industry and making scale pig-raising farmers implement ecological production are the inevitable choice of sustainable development of swine industry.In the process of coordinating protection and development,what is the current situation of scale pig-raising farmers' production and breeding behavior?What are the important factors in promoting scale pig-raising farmers to implement ecological production behavior? Facing the market failure and government failure of traditional environmental governance model,how to stimulate farmers to transform from general production behavior to ecological production behavior? Obviously,performing theoretical and empirical analyses of these problems will be helpful to us to find the key factors of influencing the scale pig-raising farmers' ecological production behavior and innovate in environmental governance mode of swine industry,which has important practical value to guaranteeing the food security of pork,improving the rural ecological environment,maintaining social harmony and stability and promoting the sustainable development of swine industry.According to the technical route of asking questions first,theoretical analysis than and empiricaltest finally,this study took 377 scale pig-raising farmers in Zhejiang and Hubei as research object,based on externality theory and classical behavior theory,and using the analytical method of grounded theory to built the influence factor model of the scale pig-raising farmers' ecological production behavior.Based on the field survey data,preproduction preventative measures,safety control in production and postpartum waste utilization of the scale pig-raising farmers were described,the farmers' ecological production behavior was evaluated comprehensively from the perspective of whole process of pig production,and the inner and outer influence mechanisms of the scale pig-raising farmers' ecological production behavior was studied deeply.And than to grasp the key factors of the implementation of scale pig-raising farmers' ecological production behavior,innovate in the environmental governance mode of swine industry,and to build the incentive mechanism of scale pig-raising farmers' ecological production behavior.Through the systematic study,several main conclusions were drawn below:(1)The intention of scale pig-raising farmers' ecological production behavior is relatively higher,and the influence of the cognitive variables of ecological production behavior on behavioral intention from large to small are:ecological benefits of perceived behavior,individual responsibility consciousness,economic benefits of perceived behavior,perception behavior disorder,ecological production knowledge and health risk perception.Combining analytical method of grounded theory with environmental behavior theory,the paper divided psychological cognitive variables that have influence on the intention of farmers' ecological production behavior into 7 dimensions,they are environmental risk perception,health risk perception,individual responsibility consciousness,ecological production knowledge,perception behavior disorder,ecological benefits of perceived behavior and economic benefits of perceived behavior.On the basis of the existing mature scale and depth interview,cognitive scale and intention scale of ecological production behavior were designed.After this,exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were carried out on the cognitive scale of ecological production behavior,and the common factors extracted was in conformity with the theoretical model proposed in this paper.Than correlation analysis and step-wise regression analysis were used to analyze and discuss the relation between cognition of ecological production behavior and intention of ecological production behavior.The results showed that:ecological benefits of perceived behavior,individual responsibility consciousness,economic benefits of perceived behavior,ecological production knowledge and health risk perception are have positive influence on the intention of farmers' ecological production behavior,while perception behavior disorder has negative influence on the intention of farmers' ecological production behavior.(2)Though the comprehensive score of scale pig-raising farmers' ecological production behavior is ideal,there are big differences between the conduct of each stage of preproduction,mid-production and post-production,to be specific:the implementation of farmers' post-production waste utilization is the best,safety control in production followed,preproduction preventative measures is the worst.Based on the survey data,this paper gave a detailed description of the implementation of pig-raising farmers' behaviors,such as:scientific location of piggery,construction of pollution treatment facilities,health and epidemic prevention management,regulated use of veterinary drugs,methods of fecal treatment,methods of sewage treatment and harmless treatment of dead pigs etc..Statistics showed that 46.4% of the sample farmers failed to implement scientific location,and the distance of their piggery and residential area is within 500 meters.92.3% and 91.5% of the farmers established cesspool and methane pool respectively.63.7% of the farmers implement health and epidemic prevention management in strict accordance with the piggery immune system,the farmers who make up a prescription in strict accordance with specifications accounted for 43.0%.The methods of manure treatment of the sample farmers include producing biogas,being used as fertilizer or feed,being collected by power plants and being sold,and there is a relatively high resource utilization rate of waste.The methods of sewage treatment of the sample farmers include producing biogas,irrigating agriculture and forestry after disposed,being drained into oxidation pond to be purified,being returned to field directly and being discharged into environment,compared with manure,the output of sewage is larger and more difficult to handle,it's more likely to result in pollution caused by mishandling.93.9% of the farmers inform the workers who are working in harmless treatment plant of dead pig to drag away dead pigs.Composite index was used to build evaluation index system of farmer's ecological production behavior,the results showed that the highest score for farmer's ecological production behavior is 31,the lowest score is 11,and the mean value is 24.1777.Among them,the mean score of postpartum waste utilization is 10.1220,which tends to the highest score that is 11,the mean score of safety control in production is 7.5862,and the mean score of preproduction preventative measures is 6.4696.(3)There is significant difference of social demographic variables in farmers' ecological production behavior,such as individual characteristics,piggery management characteristics and geographic location characteristics.Independent samples T test,single factor variance analysis and other methods were used in this paper to explore the difference of social demography in farmers' ecological production behavior,the results showed that the factor of age has significant influence on farmers' postpartum waste utilization,and education level has significant differences in ecological production behavior,safety control in production and postpartum waste utilization.Proportion of farming income has significant differences in ecological production behavior and preproduction preventative measures,farming time has significant differences in preproduction preventative measures and postpartum waste utilization,raising scale has significant differences in ecological production behavior,preproduction preventative measures,safety control in production and postpartum waste utilization,participation of cooperation has significant differences in ecological production behavior,safety control in production and postpartum waste utilization;Geographical location has significant differences in ecological production behavior,safety control in production and postpartum waste utilization.(4)The change of farmers' psychological cognition is the fundamental internal cause for the implementation of ecological production behavior.The intention of ecological production behavior is the antecedent variable of promoting the implement of ecological production behavior,cognition of ecological production behavior has influence on ecological production behavior by behavioral intention.Regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between the intention of ecological production behavior and ecological production behavior,the results showed that farmers' intention of ecological production behavior has significant positive influence on ecological production behavior,safety control in production and postpartum waste utilization.Then Bootstrap test was used to verify the mediating effect of intention of ecological production behavior between cognition of ecological production behavior and ecological production behavior,the results showed that the intention of ecological production behavior plays a completely mediating role between health risk perception,ecological production knowledge,perception behavior disorder,economic benefits of perceived behavior and ecological production behavior,while the intention of ecological production behavior plays a partial mediating role between individual responsibility consciousness and ecological production behavior.(5)Government and population pressure is the key external cause for the implementation of farmers' ecological production behavior.Pressure of ecological production behavior has significant regulating effect on the intention of ecological production behavior and ecological production behavior.Combining analytical method of grounded theory with environmental behavior theory,the paper divided external pressure variables that have influence on farmers' ecological production behavior into two types,they are social groups and government policy,including 4 dimensions:rural culture,stress of social norms,incentive regulation of policy and financial and technical support.Based on the existing mature scale and depth interviews,the pressure measurement scale of ecological production behavior was designed.On this basis,exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were carried out on the pressure measurement scale of ecological production behavior,and the common factors extracted was in conformity with the theoretical model proposed in this paper.Then hierarchical regression analysis was used to test the regulating effect of ecological production pressure on the relationship between intention and behavior,the results showed that rural culture has significant regulating effect on the relationship between intention and postpartum waste utilization;incentive regulation of policy has significant regulating effect on the relationship between intention and ecological production behavior,and relationship between intention and safety control in production;stress of social norms has significant regulating effect on the relationship between intention and ecological production behavior,relationship between intention and safety control in production,and relationship between intention and postpartum waste utilization.(6)The collaborative governance mode of "farmers,government and social groups" ternary structure model was built,which provided innovative ideas for the exploration of environment governance mode of swine industry.By establishing subjectival cooperation mechanism,communication mechanisms,process supervision mechanism and interest-drived mechanism of collaborative governance,the aim is to promote the implementation of scale pig-raising farmers' ecological production behavior and realize the sustainable development of swine industry.According to the conclusion of empirical research and reality investigation,scale pig-raising farmers' ecological production behavior was influenced by various factors,including psychological cognition and external pressure,in order to solve the problems of swine industry,such as environmental pollution,neighborhood conflicts and food safety,in addition to strengthening the farmers' production risk cognition,responsibility consciousness,ecological production knowledge and improving farmers' comprehensive quality,we also need to pay attention to the guilded and normative effect of government policy,social groups and other key external stress factors on farmers.Try to joint multiple subject,seek multiple interests and build environmental management system of swine industry,with the the function of governmental leading,motivating and coordinating,we should attach importance to the value and role of social capital,joint pig-raising farmers with surrounding farmers,by establishing subjectival cooperation mechanism,communication mechanisms,process supervision mechanism and interest-driven mechanism of collaborative governance,the aim is to realize the production,maintenance and development of the collaborative environmental governance mode of swine industry,as well as promote the implementation of scale pig-raising farmers' ecological production behavior from inside and outside.The innovations of this study were mainly reflected in the following three aspects:(1)An analysis framework of scale pig-raising farmers' ecological production behavior was established based on grounded theory.Also,the theoretical model of influencing factors on farmers' ecological production behavior was constructed based on the external theory and the classical behavior theory,using the grounded theory,which expanded the scope of application of grounded theory.Taking the scale pig-raising farmers as the research object,the key variables that influenced the implementation of pig farmers' ecological production behavior were roundly analyzed from the cognitive psychology and the external pressure two aspects based on the trend of large-scale development in swine industry,which has largely enriched the relative research about the scale pig-raising farmers' environmental behavior.(2)The pig farmers' ecological production behaviors were comprehensively evaluated from the whole process: preproduction,mid-production and post-production three stages.To avoid the simplicity and isolation of index selection,this paper based on the existing scholars' application of behavior evaluation index,the ecological production behavior were systematically divided into preproduction,mid-production and postproduction three stages in this paper,combined with the clarity of single index and the integrity of multiple index.Also,it constructed a measurement index system by using the composite index to fully evaluate the farmers' ecological production behavior.(3)The collaborative environmental governance in swine industry was put forward based on the ternary structure model of "farmers,government and social groups".In view of the dilemma existed in traditional environmental governance pattern and the prominent effect of pressure from government policy and social groups on the farmers' behavior,the collaborative environmental governance in swine industry was put forward based on the trinary structure model.In order to realize the production,maintenance and development of collaborative environmental governance pattern in swine industry and the innovations of practice pattern,The main subjectival cooperation mechanism,information communication mechanism,process supervision mechanism and interest-driven mechanism of collaborative environmental governance were established,stimulating the implementation of scale pig-raising farmers' ecological production behavior from inside and outside. |
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