Research On The Effect Of Fishing Ban Compensation Policy In The Yangtze River Basin From The Perspective Of Fishing Households

As the largest river in China,the Yangtze River Basin is an important shelter to maintain national ecological safety and realize the green and healthy development of the Yangtze River economic belt.To alleviate the stress produced by overfishing,pollution as well as other factors on the Yangtze River,the Ministry of agriculture,Finance and Human resources jointly issued the implementation policy for a fishing ban and the establishing of a compensation system in the key waters of the Yangtze River Basin,which clearly pointed out that productive fishing would be banned in the aquatic life reserve,and fishing would be banned in the main stream and tributaries for 10 years.The policy was effective from January 1,2021.In order to solve the livelihood problems of retired fishermen,a package compensation methods were published by Chinese governments,include cash compensation,social insurance,reemployment training,employment subsidy and housing resettlement,so as to protect the livelihood of retired fishing households.However,under the realistic background that the government require ecology security and fishermen require livelihood security,there may still exist policy incentive incompatibility.The impact of the implementation of policy on retired fishermen livelihoods and the subjective attitude of fishermen towards policy are important indicators to reflect the effectiveness of the Yangtze River fishing ban compensation policy.The scientific evaluation of the implementation performance of the Yangtze River fishing ban compensation policy has important significance for the improvement of the follow-up related policies,and the organic combination of the Yangtze River Ecological Protection and the livelihood security of fishermen.It can also improve the organic combination of the ecological security of the Yangtze River and the livelihood security of fishermen.On the basis of sorting out the domestic and foreign research on ecological compensation policy,we constructed a theoretical analysis framework of the effect evaluation of the fishing ban compensation policy in the Yangtze River Basin based on the theories of external,public goods,sustainable livelihood analysis approach framework,customer satisfaction and comprehensive evaluation.Based on the field survey data of Guizhou,Anhui,Jiangsu and Hubei provinces,we constructed the evaluation index system,coupling coordination degree model and liquidity matrix of the livelihood capital to analyse the policy effect on the livelihood capital of retired fishing households firstly.Then,the binary logistic and disordered multiple logistic regression models were used to analyze the influencing factors of the choice and transformation of various livelihood strategies.Finally,the fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis(fs QCA)method was used to explore the combined effects of various factors on policy satisfaction.The main conclusions are as follows:(1)The fishing ban compensation policy has growth effect,compensation effect and social effect on the livelihood capital of retired fishing households.The growth effect is reflected in the increase of retired fishing households’ livelihood capital index,and the median of the total livelihood capital index has increased significantly from 0.102 to 0.221;Specifically,the index of human capital,material capital,financial capital and social capital increased significantly,among which the human capital index increase the most,and the median index increase from 0.229 to0.501.The median material,financial and social capital indexes increased from 0.106,0.258 and 0.374 to 0.145,0.332 and 0.530 respectively.The compensation effect is reflected in the optimization of livelihood capital structure,and the livelihood capital model changes from psychological capital dominating to overall equilibrium.The median coupling coordination index increase significantly from 0.493 to 0.597,and the ratio of groups at imbalance level decreased from 52.91% to 24.74%.The social effect is reflected in the narrowing of the gap between the rich and the poor with high livelihood capital mobility.Specifically,the low and medium-low capital group show the liquidity characteristics of "bottom to top",and the liquidity characteristics of the medium and above livelihood capital groups are "top to bottom".The chi square index and inertia ratio of livelihood capital mobility are 1.348 and 0.269 respectively,indicating that the overall mobility level of livelihood capital of retired households is high.The relative mobility ratio is 1.000,indicating that the ratio of households with upward mobility of livelihood capital is equal to downward mobility.The value of the average moving position is 1.742,indicating that the characteristic of livelihood capital mobility of most households is leapfrog change.Besides,there is heterogeneity in policy effects among different regions.The livelihood capital index and coupling coordination index of retired fishing households in Anhui Province have been significantly improved,and and the mobility of livelihood capital is the highest in three provinces;The psychological capital index of fishing households in Jiangsu and Hubei Province decreased significantly.There is no significant difference in financial capital index,total livelihood capital index and coupling coordination index before in two periods,and the mobility of livelihood capital in Jiangsu Province is the lowest.In general,the implementation of the ecological compensation policy in the Yangtze River has promoted the sustainability of the livelihood of retired fishermen,but the "involution" of the retired fishing households,the social harmony and stability of retired areas and the new round stratum solidification of the livelihood capital are still issues that need continuous attention in the ten-year fishing ban.(2)The livelihood capitals have significant effects on the choice and the transformation of various livelihood strategies of retired fishing households.According to the stability of employers,we divided the livelihood strategies as four types: the Short Term Employment(STE),Single Long Term Employment(SLTE),Couple Long Term employment(CLTE)and Self Employment(SE).We found that the livelihood capital index of different types of fishermen from high to low is SE(0.413),CLTE(0.300),SLTE(0.245)and STE(0.173).The CLTE have the highest human capital(0.599),psychological capital(0.562)and social capital(0.577);the SE have the highest financial capital(0.562)and material capital(0.552)index,and the human capital index(0.241)of STE is the lowest.Human capital has a significant negative effect on fishing households’ choice of STE strategies,and a significant positive effect on the choice of SLTE and SE strategies;Psychological capital has a significant negative effect on households’ choice of SLTE strategies,and a significant positive effect on the choice of CLTE and SE strategies;Financial capital has a significant negative effect on the households’ choice of CLTE and a significant positive effect on the SE strategies.Health,employment training,work income,loans and cadres closeness have significant positive effects on the transformation from STE to the other three types strategies.Employment training is always the key factor of transformation,which has a significant positive effect on the transformation from STE to the others.In addition,endowment insurance and deposit have significant negative effects on the transformation of fishermen from STE strategies to SLTE and CLTE strategies.(3)The subsidy payment time and the policy comprehension are the key factors to improve the policy satisfaction of retired fishing households.The results indicate that: Policy identity and the absence of life quality are necessary conditions to explain high and low policy satisfaction,respectively;There are two configurations to improve the satisfaction policy,livelihood capital * subsidy payment time * policy comprehension and subsidy payment time * policy comprehension * ecological cognition,respectively.Subsidy payment time and policy comprehension are the key factors affecting the satisfaction of the compensation policy,which play a central role in improving the policy satisfaction.Livelihood capital and ecological cognition can replace each other and play a subsidiary role in these two paths;There are four configurations result in low satisfaction of the policy,and the absence of subsidy payment time and policy comprehension play a central role in all paths,which validate the importance of these two factors.Taken together,enhancing policy publicity and paying subsidy timely are the feasible choices to effectively improve the satisfaction of the compensation policy.According to the above conclusions,this paper has proposed three policy suggestions to optimize the fishing ban compensation policy.Firstly,the Chinese governments should strengthen the supervision on poaching behaviors and improve the relevant fishery legal system.Secondly,the governments should strengthen the construction of livelihood capital of retired fishing households,encourage cooperation with social institution to improve the employment and entrepreneurship environment.Finally,the governments should put the two works of policy publicity and subsidy payment in equal and significant position.