| 1840-1958 was a period of great changes in animal husbandry production in Inner Mongolia.From the disintegration of the traditional nomadic production system to the initial establishment of the socialist animal husbandry production model,in a short period of more than 100 years,animal husbandry,like agriculture,industry and commerce,also experienced a tortuous process of modernization start and exploration,which is not only the product of the social and historical development of Inner Mongolia since modern times,To a certain extent,it has an important impact on the socio-economic and cultural development of Inner Mongolia.Both nomadic production and modern animal husbandry need to be in close contact with the natural environment.Its production cycle often resonates with the life cycle of livestock and forage.Through livestock,human beings in the diversified animal husbandry production environment in Inner Mongolia form a close and diverse interaction with other plants and animals in nature.Therefore,many of the above changes in the process of starting and exploring animal husbandry modernization are often reflected in the multiple interaction between farmers and herdsmen in animal husbandry production and various natural geographical elements of livestock environment(water,climate,plants,animals,etc.),which not only reflects the development characteristics,driving force changes,changes in the relationship between man and nature in the starting and exploring stage of animal husbandry modernization in Inner Mongolia to a considerable extent,Moreover,the problems in this process have also become the historical root of many environmental and social problems in today’s animal husbandry modernization to a certain extent.Studying and summarizing the experience and lessons of this period can provide a certain historical reference for coping with and solving the problems and challenges in the development of animal husbandry in Inner Mongolia in the future.This paper is divided into six chapters.It makes a detailed study on the interactive changes of farmers and herdsmen in Inner Mongolia with various geographical elements of livestock environment such as water,grass,climate(displayed through shed circles),livestock and non livestock animals in animal husbandry production from 1840 to 1958,analyzes the development characteristics,driving force changes,changes in the relationship between man and nature in the initial and exploratory stage of animal husbandry modernization in Inner Mongolia,and summarizes relevant historical experiences and lessons.Through the analysis,this paper draws the following conclusions:First of all,Firstly,under the great reform of animal husbandry production in Inner Mongolia from 1840 to 1958,the response and utilization of various geographical elements of livestock environment by farmers and herdsmen in animal husbandry production generally show the characteristics from "laissez faire" to management,from diversification to simplification,from dynamic to fixation,from East-West(grassland)difference to North-South(agriculture and animal husbandry)difference,from external force to internal and external force combination.Among them,we can also see the changes in the commercialization of natural resources,the deepening of national forces in animal husbandry production,the changes in livestock and livestock production evaluation system driven by the market(from diversified demand to economic benefits;from milk and meat to fur),the strengthening of livestock management and the changes in the relationship between human and livestock,the strengthening of human biological and abiotic environmental management of animal husbandry production,and the introduction of foreign animal husbandry production technology and ideas.These changes mingled with the changes in politics,culture and other fields in Modern Inner Mongolia,which not only promoted the development and transformation of animal husbandry production to a certain extent,but also had an important impact on the cooperation and collectivization of social organizations in pastoral areas of Inner Mongolia,the settlement and semi settlement of animal husbandry production and life,as well as the changes of traditional grassland ideology and culture.Second,the development and change of animal husbandry production in Inner Mongolia from 1840 to 1958 is not only a period of change in economy,politics and culture,but also a period of great change in the interactive relationship between man and nature in the diversified animal husbandry production environment in Inner Mongolia.With the disintegration of the traditional nomadic production mode and the exploration of animal husbandry modernization,the utilization and management ability of human beings for various natural elements in animal husbandry production during this period has been significantly improved,and some environmental elements that could not be considered,utilized and resisted in the traditional nomadic period have been gradually brought into attention and regulation.In the interaction between man and nature,more man-made subjective initiative is brought into play.At the same time,the commercialization of water,grass,livestock and wild animals in animal husbandry production has gradually increased,and the economic value has become the main concern of animal husbandry producers in understanding,evaluating and utilizing the above resources or organisms.In this case,the complex relationship between people and livestock,water and grass based on political,economic and cultural factors(such as partners,gods and customs,etc.)in traditional nomadic production has gradually been replaced by the relationship between producers and commodities or between producers and means of production based on economic benefits.In addition,the esteem of western animal husbandry production mode in most modern times also makes the interaction between animal husbandry producers and nature in the diversified grassland environment of Inner Mongolia,and the diversified animal husbandry production based on this gradually applied or guided to the single and homogeneous western animal husbandry production mode.These changes in the interactive relationship between man and nature in animal husbandry production have promoted the development of modern animal husbandry and the reform of Inner Mongolia society to a certain extent,but also caused some economic,social,cultural and environmental problems.Third,different from the development path of agricultural modernization in pure agricultural areas in the mainland,the modernization of animal husbandry in border areas represented by Inner Mongolia and other places has its own development characteristics.First of all,from 1840 to 1958,the exploration path of animal husbandry modernization in Inner Mongolia was diversified.It has successively experienced the attempts of agricultural animal husbandry production,western modern animal husbandry production and socialist animal husbandry production.Finally,under the choice of the people and the test of history,it preliminarily established the socialist animal husbandry production mode.Second,the modernization of animal husbandry in Inner Mongolia is not only a problem in the economic field,but also involves the political,ethnic,religious,cultural and ecological aspects of the vast pastoral areas,which makes it a complex systematic project rather than a simple technology introduction.Third,in the classical theory,the small-scale peasant economy in some areas can realize the commercialization of qualitative change,but there is failure in the production of animal husbandry economy in Inner Mongolia.On the basis of the old society,economic system and ideological culture of Mongolia,under the background of frequent wars and the expansion of foreign capital,the livestock products of Mongolia with enhanced commercialization seem to have circulated around the world,but the actual profits obtained by grass-roots animal husbandry producers are quite limited,It is not enough to urge them to completely abandon the old production mode and realize the qualitative change of animal husbandry development.At the same time,the driving forces for the start and exploration of animal husbandry modernization in Inner Mongolia are also extremely diverse.In the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China,it was mainly promoted by the government,academic circles and foreign forces outside the pastoral area(including various models of Britain,the United States,Russia and Japan).After the founding of new China,under the strong leadership of national forces and widely mobilizing the masses,it realized the combination of driving forces inside and outside the pastoral areas,realized the transformation from external forces in the pastoral areas to joint driving forces inside and outside the pastoral areas,and promoted the preliminary establishment of the socialist animal husbandry production model.Fourth,from 1840 to 1958,the animal husbandry production in the agricultural and pastoral areas of Inner Mongolia realized great changes,during which it experienced a complex and tortuous start and exploration of animal husbandry modernization.In this process,many valuable experiences have been accumulated,such as the reflection of people with lofty ideals on animal husbandry production in Inner Mongolia in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China,the introduction of some western animal husbandry production concepts and technologies,the attention and participation in domestic and international animal husbandry market,the exploration of animal breeds and their management reform,and so on.The construction of new democracy and socialist animal husbandry production in Inner Mongolia from 1949 to 1958 made a qualitative leap in animal husbandry production in Inner Mongolia.Among them,such as government forces going deep into the planning and leadership of pastoral areas;Focus on people and mobilize the broad masses of farmers and herdsmen to deeply participate in the construction;The overall consideration of the construction of multiple fields of human,livestock,water and grass is the valuable experience that has contributed to the great changes in animal husbandry production in Inner Mongolia.It is still of great significance to today’s animal husbandry modernization and is worth inheriting and carrying forward.Although some progress has been made in the exploration of animal husbandry modernization in Inner Mongolia from 1840 to 1958,there are some deficiencies and problems due to the influence of its historical background,and some problems still have a certain impact,which has become the historical root of the problems and challenges encountered in the current construction of animal husbandry modernization.For example,the "international" livestock and livestock production evaluation system based solely on economic value,although it helps to increase economic benefits,also ignores the impact of livestock production on culture and environment in Inner Mongolia to a certain extent.Therefore,some phenomena such as blind introduction of foreign livestock species and technology,neglect of local superior livestock species and local knowledge,overgrazing,cultural contradictions and so on appear in livestock production.Another example is the phenomenon of one-sided copying of the Western model in the exploration of animal husbandry modernization in Inner Mongolia during the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China.It not only did not give full play to the expected effect,but caused many social,cultural,environmental and other problems due to various "rejection reactions".For another example,in the process of gradually strengthening the management scope and capacity of human beings for the natural environment(biological environment and abiotic environment)of animal husbandry production,some animal husbandry producers and managers ignore the diversity,integrity and complexity of grassland ecosystem,and often manage a certain element in the natural environment of animal husbandry production,resulting in grassland degradation,ecological imbalance and other problems in some activities such as water intake,weeding and enclosure of wild animals,We reflect on these findings and summarize relevant experiences and lessons.At present,China is in a new period of animal husbandry modernization.Inner Mongolia,as a traditional developed area of animal husbandry,plays a more important role in this process.But at the same time,in the construction of animal husbandry modernization,we also encounter many challenges of environmental and social problems.The author believes that some of these problems are not entirely new,but have certain historical roots.By analyzing the development and changes of animal husbandry production in Inner Mongolia from 1840 to 1958,especially the changes in the interactive relationship between people and various geographical elements in the livestock environment,it will help us to better understand the formation and development of these problems,so as to provide historical wisdom for coping with and solving them.Based on the actual natural and social environment of Inner Mongolia,while paying attention to economic benefits and adhering to the principle of "market leading",we should strengthen the role of the principle of "adhering to policy guidance".On the one hand,we should comprehensively consider the multiple values of animals and their products in the fields of society,culture and environment in animal husbandry production and animal production evaluation;On the other hand,when formulating and implementing relevant policies,we should consider the integrity of grassland ecosystem and form a "combined fist" plan.We should not only develop advanced technology and selectively learn from foreign experience,but also fully tap the traditional nomadic culture and the ecological wisdom of farmers and herdsmen in actual production,and construct a benign interactive relationship between man and nature in animal husbandry production,so as to better promote the modernization of animal husbandry in China. |
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