| As a large agricultural-producing country,agricultural development is crucial,and currently,the livestock industry has long been plagued by the problem of feed shortage.Moringa has high protein content,rich amino acid variety,and high biological yield,which is a better plant-based feed resource,and the development of moringa forage can effectively alleviate the forage shortage problem.In this study,we first proved that Moringa is safe as feed through Moringa forage safety evaluation,and then conducted a comprehensive and systematic evaluation of Moringa edification through a silage study,rumen degradation test,and beef cattle feeding test.Among them:1.The 28-day subacute toxicological test on rats by oral gavage revealed that the fresh and silage Moringa homogenate high-dose groups caused diarrhea in rats at d 9 and d 12,respectively,while no diarrhea occurred in rats in the medium and low dose groups.Body weight,food intake,and hematological and serum biochemical indices of the rats in each dose group were not abnormal.The main organs(heart,liver,spleen,lung,and kidney)of the rats in all dose groups did not produce abnormal reactions,but the gastrointestinal tract of the rats in the high dose of fresh and silage moringa homogenate showed inflammation caused by diarrhea,while the gastrointestinal tract of the rats in the medium and low dose groups were normal.Gavage of fresh and silage moringa polysaccharides caused diarrhea in rats but did not affect the average daily food intake and average daily weight gain of rats.There were no abnormal effects on any of the major organs of the rats,but inflammation of the small intestinal tissues resulted.Through the evaluation of the safety of Moringa for feeding,it was determined that the feeding safety threshold of Moringa homogenate should be ≤3g/kg-BW and it was determined that Moringa polysaccharide was one of the factors causing diarrhea in rats,and the target organ of diarrheal effect was small intestinal tissue.2.The best silage technology for Moringa was selected by analyzing and comprehensively evaluating the sensory indexes,fermentation parameters,and nutrient composition.The results of the study are as follows: In terms of sensory evaluation,Y2,Y3,Y4,and M2,M3,and M4 silage groups were evaluated as first-class excellent,while the other groups were evaluated as second-class fair,indicating that the addition of 2%,3% and 4% of cornmeal and cassava flour to the chorizo silage could significantly improve the sensory effect of the silage.In terms of organic acid,the organic acid indexes of all silage treatment groups were evaluated according to the Fleigh scale,and Y3,Y4,M2,and M4 were evaluated as excellent.In terms of nutritional value,the differences in DM and OM contents of the treatment groups were not significant;the CP contents of XY and CK were 16.15% and 15.65%,which were significantly higher than the control and other treatment groups;the WSC content of M4 was0.7%,which was significantly higher than the control group;the NDF content of Y4 was32.55%,which was not significantly different from the Y3,Y5,M4,and M5 groups,but significantly lower than the control and The ADF content of Y3 and Y4 was 26.21% and25.92%,respectively,which were not significantly different from those of Y3,Y5,M4,and M5 groups,but significantly lower than those of the control and other treatment groups.Finally,according to the comprehensive analysis of fermentation parameters and nutritional indicators based on the affiliation function and combined with the sensory evaluation,the best quality of chorizo silage was found in Y4(4% cornmeal)treatment.3.Statistical analysis of the degradation characteristics of Moringa in the rumen of beef cattle showed that the degradation rates of DM,OM,CP,NDF,and ADF of M4 and Y4 were 72.39%,70.59%,91.73%,37.33%,22.99%,and 71.40%,69.52%,91.97%,39.51%,and The analysis of the effective degradation rates of each group revealed that the effective degradation rates of DM,OM,CP,NDF and ADF of beef cattle rumen for M4 and Y4 were significantly higher than those of XY and CK.In conclusion,the rumen degradation characteristics of beef cattle with 4% cassava flour added silage of Moringa(M4)and with 4% cornmeal added silage of Moringa(Y4)The best.4.In the trial of chorizo feeding to Yunling beef cattle,it was found that the T2(10% silage of chorizo)group had the highest overall score of mixed diets and the best nutritional level.The average daily feed intake of all three groups of Yunling cattle was not significant,but the average daily weight gain of T2 Yunling cattle was significantly higher than the other two groups,indicating that the feed conversion rate of T2(10% silage of chorizo)was the highest.The blood and serum biochemical indexes were normal in all three groups of Yunling cattle,and T2(10% silage of Moringa)and T3(20%silage of Moringa)had significant improvements in blood glucose and blood lipids in Yunling cattle.In conclusion,the safety threshold for feeding fresh and silage Moringa homogenates is ≤3g/kg-BW.One of the causes of diarrhea in rats is Moringa polysaccharides,and the target organ of diarrheal action is the small intestinal tissue.Moringa can be used as direct silage,but the addition of4% cornmeal to the silage significantly improved its silage effect.The silage treatment with 4% cassava flour and 4% cornmeal were effective in enhancing the digestibility of the forage nutrients in the rumen of beef cattle compared to the fresh sample of Moringa and the Moringa silage control.10% Moringa supplementation level replacing a moderate percentage of whole plant corn in the beef cattle diet had no adverse effect on the health of Yunling cattle and significantly enhanced the growth performance of Yunling cattle. |
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