| As an Italian philosopher,Benedetto Croce once said: “all the history is chronicle when it is just written by abstract words instead of human beings’ thought,and when the development of social life need history,the abstract words will be resurgence and the past will become the present.” Time is defined as three tenses in terms of “past”,“present” and “future”,and because of time,heritage culture is significantly meaningful to human beings and the heritage culture is used to construct,reconstruct and negotiate a range of identities,social and cultural values and meanings in the present.In recent years,under the influence of Western Authorized Heritage Discourse,equality,diversity and local of heritage culture is facing challenges.To be more specific,international heritage management,protection and development is controlled by Western AHD to some extent.For instance,the UNESCO world heritage evaluating system is derived from western aesthetic system,which stressing the authentic tangible heritage and universal outstanding of heritage culture.Hence,international practice of heritage discourse is confronted with a crisis of homogeneity,standardization and unification of heritage culture.Nowadays,the world is during a challenged “period of major change that’s rarely seen in a century”.Mankind is facing with the crisis of ecology,humanity,ethics,spirit and value,therefore,it is crucial to insist the idea that“a community of shared future for mankind”,to remain culturally equality and diversity across culture globally,then to follow the value of “harmony without uniformity”,to make sure equal discourse and people-oriented value,to achieve the sustainable co-construction and inheritance of diversified heritage culture through communication and negotiation.Only when arrange resource of traditional culture systematically,enable the collected cultural relics in museums,the remain tangible heritage in the earth and the written words in ancient books to be interpreted and presented,as well as to be understood and remembered by people,can the vitality of heritage culture be truly maintained.China as an ancient civilized country has profound culture,at the same time in the present age,mass tourism is becoming one of the most important way to protect and inherit heritage culture which could encourage public awareness and self-confidence of culture as well as enhance the national sense of belonging and recognition.The development of tourism need local and historical culture recourses as a support,while the depth and width of heritage culture can be attractions of tourists worldwide.So,the combination of heritage and tourism is not only an opportunity of this era but also a demand of people.Therefore,the heritage culture of Dujiangyan Irrigation Project is taken as a case study in this thesis,and its pattern of heritage culture is consisting of mythological,religious and scientific culture,which be consistently constructed by humans for decades,and from this point of view,all the heritage culture is intangible.Based on history,the heritage culture of Dujiangyan Irrigation Project is combined with multiple ethnic cultures due to the geographic location,and the explicit and implicit culture of Dujiangyan Irrigation Project constituted a rich fork belief,rituals,Taoism,architecture,art and contained a simple but effective science and technology,which has reflected the profound Chinese Taoist philosophy “union of heaven and human”.Moreover,the mechanism of cultural memory and the heritage culture diachronic construction are both discussed.Now,Dujiangyan Irrigation Project is known as “World Heritage” tourism landscape,which is suit for the object of cross-cultural communication study.Under the frame of social construction,interdisciplinary theories of cultural memory,cultural representation,critical heritage discourse,tourist gaze,tourist experience are applied to illustrate three dimensions in terms of heritage culture text,heritage discourse and social practice of Dujiangyan Irrigation Project’s synchronic construction.In this thesis,the content of study is mainly divided into four sections and nine chapters.The first section is defining research problem,including chapter one and chapter two.The second section is discussing research problem,including chapter three,chapter four,chapter five and chapter six.The third section is solving research problem,including chapter seven and chapter eight.The last section chapter nine is conclusion and prospect.Chapter Ⅰ: Introduction.Demonstrate the background and significance of this study.By comparing and discussing related previous studying in terms of national and international literatures,to compare the similarities and differences of related studies,and illustrate the current situations and tendencies of study,and then define the position of this study and its research subject,research objectives,research contents,research methods,research theories,as well as research innovations.Chapter Ⅱ: Theoretical Foundation,framework and concepts definition.Reveal the philosophical foundation of this study.Then from the perspective of social construction,illustrate the theories of sociology of knowledge,discourse theory and social construction theory;from the perspective of culture,explain theories of cultural semiotics,cultural representations and cultural memory;from the perspective of heritage,demonstrate theories of Western AHD and construction of heritage.Besides,interpret and define the terms and concepts related to this thesis,then construct a “Theoretical Framework of Heritage Culture and Heritage Tourism under Social Construction” creatively.Chapter Ⅲ: Foundations and formations of Dujiangyan Irrigation Project’s Heritage culture.To Explain the reason for choosing Dujiangyan Irrigation Project’s Heritage culture as target case study,and to demonstrate the pattern of heritage culture and the consistence of cultural symbols.Putting forward that the combination of mythological,religious and scientific culture is the feature of Dujiangyan Irrigation Project’s Heritage culture,and pointing out stable and consistent cultural memory is the inheritance mechanism of symbols of heritage culture.Chapter Ⅳ : Diachronic construction of Dujiangyan Irrigation Project’s Heritage culture.Based on ancient literatures,to apply the theories of cultural memory and cultural symbols to discuss the progress of forming heritage cultural memory by “actualized”,“reproduced” and “divinized” the social construction in terms of fork beliefs,rituals,literatures,Taoism sites,Taoism figures and scientific technology.Demonstrate the historical discourse practice and social practice.Chapter Ⅴ: Contemporary international heritage discourse and social practice.In this chapter,the focus is from “past” to “present”,from domestically to worldwide.As a connecting link part,apply three-dimension conception of discourse theory to demonstrate international protection of heritage culture,the situation of protection and exploitation of heritage culture in China.Critically and dialectically illustrate the opportunities and challenges of non-western countries’ heritage culture under the authorities of western countries and analyze the current circumstances of tourism social practice of heritage culture.Chapter Ⅵ: Synchronic construction of Dujiangyan Irrigation Project’s Heritage culture.This chapter will focus on the contemporary construction of Dujiangyan Irrigation Project’s Heritage culture.In this regard,to demonstrate the cultural representation system and the heritage discourse and heritage tourism social practice under the authorized discourse worldwide.Then,taking the example of on-line practices in terms of official website,social media and off-line practices in terms of landscape tour guide,Qingming Water Pouring Festival and Li Bing Culture Festival to estimate the effectiveness of tourism marketers’ interpretation and presentation of Dujiangyan Irrigation Project’s heritage culture.Chapter Ⅶ : Research on tourist experience of Dujiangyan Irrigation Project’s heritage culture.Explaination of the importance of tourist gaze,tourist experience and memory.Combining seven scales of memorable tourism experience and “sweet spot” of experience economy to design a questionnaire and to analyze Dujiangyan Irrigation Project’s tourist experience in terms of cognition,perception and intention of heritage culture,and to recognize its shortcomings of interpretation and presentation of heritage culture.Chapter Ⅷ: Strategies of construction of heritage culture in tourism social practice.According to the analysis of Dujiangyan Irrigation Project’s tourist experience data,and draw the advanced experiences of heritage culture inheritance methods in Netherlands,UK,and China.Based on “Theoretical Framework of Heritage Culture and Heritage Tourism under Social Construction” author built before,the diachronic and synchronic construction of Dujiangyan Irrigation Project’s heritage culture,as well as contemporary international heritage discourse and social practice,countermeasures and suggestions are given in terms of emphasizing “storytelling” heritage culture,creating collective contemporary myths,developing event tourism,enriching the sense of history and place of heritage culture.Moreover,Dujiangyan Irrigation Project’s “Co-constructuon of Heritage Culture under Tourism Social Practice” is built creatively,and the features of equal dialogue,sustainable operational principle of this model are summarized,making contributions to other heritage tourism practice to some extents.Chapter Ⅸ: Conclusion and prospect.Based on the conclusion of thesis,emphasizing the shortcomings and deficiencies in this research so that put forward the anticipation of related areas’ more wider and deeper studies in the future.In this thesis,the innovation has the following three points:Firstly,the author creatively build “Theoretical Framework of Heritage Culture and Heritage Tourism under Social Construction” that according to theories of cultural memory,cultural representation,critical heritage discourse,tourist gaze,tourist experience as well as interdisciplinary integration of sociology,history,anthropology,culture,folklore,semiotics,management.Based on this theoretical framework,the diachronic construction of heritage culture and the formation of cultural memory are discussed,and the synchronic construction and social practice of Chinese and Western heritage culture are reflected in the cross-culture perspective.Besides,theories of memorable tourism experience and “sweet spot” of experience economy are applied as the foundation of the research so that verify the tourists’ experience of cognition,perception and intention of heritage culture in Dujiangyan Irrigation Project.By drawing on the modes of heritage culture inheritance and tourist experience improvement from Netherlands,UK and China,storytelling in terms of themes and stories are suggested in the social practice of tourism for creating collective contemporary myths,while event tourism are recommended to strengthen the sense of place and history both on the condition of equal and shared heritage discourse,which providing practical countermeasures in terms of “win-win” modes of protection,inheritance and experience of lived heritage culture under social construction.Secondly,the author prefers to recognize heritage as an experience,identity,memory,performance,sense of place and disharmony instead of authorized tangible or intangible cultural heritage,and from this perspective,all the heritage culture are intangible.Dujiangyan Irrigation Project is chosen as a typical research object,and the pattern of its heritage culture is divided into mythological,religious and scientific culture to analyze the actualized,reproduced and divinized construction and the inheritance mechanism of symbols of heritage culture in terms of stable and consistent cultural memory.Then creatively regard Critical Heritage Study as the direction,and utilize Critical Discourse Analysis to deeply discuss heritage text,heritage discourse,heritage tourism social practice in the application of heritage culture inheritance and tourist experience,which building a new perspective and a practical model for the comprehensive critical study of culture,heritage and tourism under social construction.Thirdly,a creative and practical model of “Co-constructuon of Heritage Culture under Tourism Social Practice” is built by author.In the model,the interpretation and presentation from tourism marketers,the gaze,experience and memory from tourist are connected,and under the perspective of social construction based on the synchronic and diachronic logic,the dynamic and holistic construction of opposite and unified heritage culture is expressed.By doing so,the lived culture can be passed on through cultural memory by generations and the heritage tourists,heritage tourism markets and Western AHD can be negotiated with each other,which opening a practical path of consuming and producing of heritage culture in a relatively balanced and sustainable development under the framework of tourism social practice. |
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