A Study On Marx’s Moral Theory And Its Moral Education Value

The study of Marx’s moral theory is an "old" problem,but at the same time it is a "hot"problem.On the one hand,the degree of theoretical satisfaction determines the degree of theoretical realization.The current era is faced with a certain degree of "moral crisis",the effectiveness of moral education is not strong,and the effectiveness of moral construction is insufficient,which urgently needs the guidance of scientific moral theory.It becomes an important path choice to seek truth from Marx’s moral theory.On the other hand,Marx’s moral theory itself is still in dispute,facing misunderstanding and misinterpretation from all sides,which needs to be defended effectively.The study of Marx’s moral theory and its moral value is not only a response to various misunderstandings and misinterpretations,but also an effort to clarify Marx’s moral theory,and a positive exploration to solve the current moral dilemma under the guidance of Marx’s moral theory.Marx’s moral theory faces two propositional challenges:one is the challenge of mechanical determinism,and the other is the challenge of Marx’s non-(anti-)moralism.The duality of historical development revealed by historical materialism----human make history and obey historical laws,indicates that mechanical determinism is a misunderstanding of historical materialism.Human is both "the man in the drama" and "the writer of the drama".Historical materialism does not deny human initiative and human freedom of choice,so it can be compatible with morality.All kinds of Marx’s non-(anti-)moralism,represented by"Wood’s preposition",hold that for Marx all moral concepts are within the scope of the superstructure determined by the mode of production,so Marx rejects all morality.From the materialist dialectics,Marx’s non-(anti-)moralism does not realize that material production is only logical in determining spiritual production and understands existing things as real things,thus obscuring Marx’s moral theory.Marx’s moral theory has experienced the ideological development process from the religious moral theory,the rational liberalism moral theory,the revolutionary humanism moral theory to the historical materialism moral theory.The study on the historical generation of Marx’s moral theory provides a two-way theoretical perspective to understand historical materialism from the dimension of moral value and Marx’s moral theory from the dimension of historical materialism,and lays a foundation for a deep grasp of the true meaning of Marx’s moral theory.For Marx’s moral theory,"realistic man" is the subject of morality,the "resolution" of material conflicts of interest is the core of morality,and "real man’s morality" is the purport of morality.Human attributes→human needs→alienation of needs→material conflicts of interest caused by alienation needs→the concealment of material conflicts of interest on morality→the resolution of material conflicts of interest→the pursuit of the meaning of life value → "real man’s morality"→the generation of "realistic man’s morality"→ the realization of "real man’s morality",constitute the content of Marx’s moral system.Each moral theory is based on specific humanistic view.Metaphysical humanistic view such as religious humanistic view,natural humanistic view and rational humanistic view,produces metaphysical moral theory.Marx sublates metaphysical humanistic view and reveals the natural,spiritual and social attributes of "realistic man" As the subject of morality,the natural,spiritual and social attributes of "realistic man" produce the natural need,spiritual need and social need of human.and thus form the deepest moral power of human.According to Marx,morality lies in getting rid of the domination of physical desires and making "human needs as human beings" become needs.However,under capitalist private ownership,human beings are dominated by the abstract power of capital,which makes all human needs dissimilated into the "possession" of material wealth.Marx revealed that under the capitalist mode of production,people get rid of "people’s dependence" and become "atomic individuals"."Atomic individuals" fall into monetary fetishism and become "possessive individuals" due to the alienated "possession" needs.The only link that connects people in civil society is the need and private interests.The morality of civil society is either egoism or egoism in a different form.Thus,instrumental rationalism centered on utilitarian calculation and calculation has usurpated moral principles,and interests and money have replaced morality.Under the mode of thinking from the perspective of practice,Marx found the moral value contained in material wealth and the historical opportunity to resolve the conflict of material interests,and he pointed out that abandoning narrow bourgeois forms,wealth is the universality of human needs generated in the universal exchange,the absolute exertion of people’s creative talents,and the basis of "real man’s morality".In Marx’s view,man does not reproduce himself in a certain prescriptive way,but pursues the life to be "what it is" freely.The return of people’s perceptual object relationship is the realization of "real man’s morality",that is,people’s social relations show that everyone’s free and comprehensive development is the condition of all people’s free and comprehensive development.Everyone develops himself in the development of others,realizes his own development in the realization of others’ development,and realizes his "is what he is".This is the development of individuality which is completely connected with wholeness and satisfies the requirement of individuality development.It is the real solution of contradiction.A universal and valid moral principle is the moral consensus under specific social conditions.In Marx’s view,the imbalance between spiritual production and material production provides the possibility space for the generation of moral consensus and moral sense of "real man’s morality".Capitalist production has laid a realistic foundation for it;Proletarian theorists set up value norms for it;The proletarian masses provide it with"material power";The education of the proletarian party provides it with realistic content.On the basis of highly developed productive forces,the capitalist private ownership should be abolished,and the combined individuals should jointly occupy all the social productive forces and produce enough to satisfy the prosperity of all people.Products should be distributed according to needs,and free time should be continuously increased.The "kingdom of freedom" and "Kingdom of necessity" will realize the unification of reality.From the"prehistoric period" to "human society",human beings present the natural state of the subject of perceptual and objective relations in the real community,and "real man’s morality" will be also manifested.Derek Allen’s categorization of Marx’s morality as utilitarianism and Rodney Peiffer’s categorization of Marx’s morality as mixed deontology all misunderstand Marx’s morality to a certain extent.Marx’s moral theory is neither utilitarian nor mixed deontological.It is a new type of moral theory,which may be called historical materialism moral theory.Marx’s moral theory shows distinct class character in three aspects:appearance logic,value logic and practice logic.Marx’s moral theory insists on the "practice principle",solves the material interest conflict by the way of "changing the world",and shows outstanding practicality.Based on the historical rank of "human society" in the future,Marx’s moral theory takes "the principle of perceptual and objective relations" as the foundation of his theory,sets up "real man’s morality" and shows remarkable transcendence.A theory is persuasive as long as it is thorough.Marx’s moral theory contains and reveals the principle of historical materialism that moral education and moral construction must follow,which provides theoretical basis and practical guidance for examining and analyzing the current moral disorder and clarifying the fundamental direction of moral education and moral construction,and has important theoretical value and practical enlightenment value.In terms of theoretical value:in the face of the problem of "why to abide by morality" to a certain extent,Marx’s moral theory establishes the "highest" compliance with the life value of"relative absoluteness",which can provide scientific theoretical support for moral ideals and beliefs.Faced with the problem of "what kind of morality to abide" to a certain extent,Marx’s moral theory thoroughly criticizes materialism values and selfish individualism values,and profoundly clarifies the principle of collectivism,which can provide value guidance for personal behavior concepts.Faced with the problem of "how to build morality" to a certain extent,Marx’s moral theory leads the realistic moral construction with "real man’s morality",which can provide theoretical guidance for strengthening the construction of moral social conditions.In terms of practical enlightenment,Marx’s moral theory enlightens that to carry out individual moral construction,people should firm socialist direction and strengthen moral education guidance;to carry out social moral construction,people should insist on taking the people as the center and enhance the recognition of socialist moral values;to develop ecological ethics,people should transcend the duality of subject and object and build a community of life between man and nature;to build international ethics,people should work together to build a community with a shared future for mankind.