Study On Cultural Governance Of Tujia Area By Qing Government After The Bureaucratization Of Native Officers(1735-1911)

From the perspective of “cultural governance”,this paper uses the research method of ethnic history to study the cultural governance of the Tujia area by the Qing government after the bureaucratization of native officers.It aims to expound governance goals,contents and methods,and analyze governance characteristics and effects,in order to comprehensively understand the strategy of “national governance” in the Qing Dynasty and deepen the research on the connotation and influence of the bureaucratization of native officers,which contributes to the research on cultural governance of traditional society and state.The Wuling Mountain area at the junction of Hunan,Hubei,Chongqing and Guizhou has been inhabited by the Tujia people since ancient times.Due to factors such as geographical environment,the central imperial court had not directly participated in local cultural governance in history.The establishment of Tusi system in the Yuan Dynasty was to solve the dilemma of the “barbarian frontier” governance by central imperial courts,which tended to be perfected in the Ming Dynasty.With the great social and economic development in the early Qing Dynasty,the Qing government began to implement the bureaucratization of native officers in the minority areas of the southwest,among which the Tujia area was an organic part.With the reform,Liuguan(government-appointed nonhereditary official)entered the Tujia area,carried out Confucian education and cultural dissemination,which had a significant impact on the society,politics,economy and culture in the Tujia area.After the bureaucratization of native officers,the Qing government brought the Tujia region into the governance scope of the national political and cultural integration,and formulated the social moral standard and social ethics mechanism with the The Sacred Edict as the main content,and implemented it nationwide in the form of training and education.In the Tujia area,cultural governance is implemented in the form of school education,imperial examinations,township contract preaching,establishment of cultural symbols,recognition of moral models,prohibition of cultural matters that are contrary to Confucian culture,etc.Educating Tujia people to understand the righteousness and act promptly was to set up the Confucian ethics concept with “three guidelines and five constants” as the major moral code in the Tujia area,and finally achieve the political and cultural integration of the Tujia area and central area.The characteristics of the Qing government’s cultural governance in the Tujia area are mainly manifested in two aspects: flexible governance strategies;the combination of the state presence and non-governmental forces.The construction of physical culture,the establishment of institutional culture and the norms of behavioral culture are promoted,with the characteristics of unity,timeliness,hierarchy and spatiality.A series of governance measures for various cultural matters specifically implemented by the Liuguan groups are aimed at regulating cultural differences and forming relatively unified cultural values,so as to achieve the goal of implementing cultural governance in the Tujia area.It has the characteristics of “seeking common ground while reserving differences”,“combination of breaking and establishing”,subjectivity of local officials,and regionality,etc.The effect of cultural governance implemented by the Qing government in Tujia area is remarkable,which is mainly reflected in promoting the acceptance of Confucian values and the regional cultural changes,enhancing the Tujia people’s concept of the state and the ethnic cultural exchange,communication and blending.