| Poverty is a historical and global problem,and poverty governance is a daunting task faced by all countries in the world.The problem of poverty is not only manifested in absolute poverty,but also in relative poverty.Absolute poverty can be completely eliminated through the development of productive forces and the improvement of the distribution system,but relative poverty will still exist for a long time.The seven-stage poverty governance of the Communist Party of China has historically resolved the problem of absolute poverty for the Chinese nation for thousands of years,and has built a moderately prosperous society on the land of China.It has taken a solid step towards the goal of common prosperity and entered a new era development stage.At present,China is in the initial stage of promoting common prosperity in the new stage of development.Although the problem of absolute poverty that has plagued the Chinese nation for thousands of years has been solved historically,the cause of anti-poverty is still not the end and there is still a long way to go before the realization of common prosperity for all people.The unbalanced development among regions,between urban and rural areas and between farmers is still serious.The biggest task of promoting common prosperity in the new development stage is how to narrow the gap.The biggest difficulty in narrowing the gap is how to alleviate relative poverty,and the biggest difficulty in alleviating relative poverty is how to alleviate the relative poverty of farmers.Therefore,it has extremely important theoretical and practical significance to research on the relative poverty of farmers.With the deepening of poverty research,people are more and more aware that the factors affecting relative poverty are complex.Among the many complex factors,human capital level is the key factor affecting relative poverty,and the lack of human capital level is the internal cause of relative poverty.Opportunity inequality is a deep-seated factor affecting relative poverty,and a large degree of opportunity inequality is an external cause of relative poverty.However,there is very little literature that incorporates both inequalities of opportunity and human capital level into research.In view of this,this paper studies the impact of opportunity inequality and human capital level on the relative poverty of farmers from the perspective of opportunity inequality and human capital level.Based on the background of promoting common prosperity in the new development stage,this paper follows the logic of “real problems → theoretical analysis → empirical analysis →countermeasures and suggestions”.First,it analyzes the changes of poverty governance in the new development stage,and leads to the relative poverty of farmers.Secondly,combined with the thought of common prosperity,the theory of multidimensional poverty,the theory of human capital,the theory of opportunity inequality,etc.,to build a theoretical analysis framework for the study of relative poverty of farmers.Thirdly,the relative poverty of farmers was measured by the scale method,the FGT method and the A-F double critical value method,and the binary selection model,the OLS regression model,the threshold regression model,the seemingly uncorrelated regression model,the instrumental variable method,and the KHB method were used for reference,step-by-step causal method,self-help method,four-quadrant analysis method and other methods,empirically analyze the causes and generation mechanism of relative poverty of farmers from two aspects of human capital level and opportunity inequality.Finally,based on the causes and generation mechanism of relative poverty of farmers,the paper puts forward the governance strategies of relative poverty of farmers.The main conclusions are as follows:(1)When the measurement standard is 2,the incidence of subjective relative poverty is 8%.When the measurement standard is 40%,50%,and 60% of the median per capita disposable income,the corresponding objective relative poverty incidence rates are 8.21%,14.35%,and 22.12%,respectively.When the critical value “k” is 0.1,0.2,0.3,and 0.4,the corresponding multidimensional relative poverty incidence rates are 37.90%,23.99%,8.54%,and 4.82%,respectively.When the critical value “k” is 0.2,the contribution rates of income,education,health,livability,integration and spirit to the multidimensional relative poverty index are 25.57%,28.31%,19.87%,14.65%,1.12% and 10.48%,respectively.When the critical value “k” is 0.3,the contribution rates of income,education,health,livability,integration and spirit to the multidimensional relative poverty index are 22.81%,29.13%,24.76%,12.46%,1.22% and 9.62%,respectively.(2)The structure chart of human capital level of farmers shows an “olive” structure.The human capital level of farmers has significant differences among regions,showing the characteristics of “class I and II regions > class III regions”.Human capital level has a significant negative impact on the relative poverty of farmers,and the five aspects of human capital level,namely quantity level,health level,knowledge level,skill level and migration level,also have a significant negative impact on the relative poverty of rural households.Livelihood strategy plays an intermediary role in the impact of human capital level on relative poverty of farmers.The structure chart of the opportunity inequality index of farmers shows an “olive” structure.There is a significant difference in the degree of opportunity inequality between regions,showing the characteristics of “class I and II regions < class III regions”.Opportunity inequality has a significant positive impact on the relative poverty of farmers,and the four aspects of registered residence opportunity inequality,education opportunity inequality,medical opportunity inequality and employment opportunity inequality also have a significant positive impact on the relative poverty of farmers.The physical capital and financial capital in the household livelihood capital have a significant negative impact on the relative poverty of farmers,and natural capital and social capital have a significant negative impact on the relative poverty of farmers under certain conditions.The archived poor households,dynamic monitoring households and ethnic variables in the family characteristics have a significant positive impact on the relative poverty of farmers under certain conditions.(3)Opportunity inequality and human capital level work together on the relative poverty of farmers.Opportunity inequality has a significant positive impact on the relative poverty of farmers,and human capital level has a significant negative impact on the relative poverty of farmers.There is a threshold effect on the impact of opportunity inequality and human capital level on the relative poverty of farmers.When the opportunity inequality and the human capital level change in the opposite direction,the impact direction on the relative poverty of farmers is deterministic.When the opportunity inequality and the human capital level change in the same direction,the impact direction on the relative poverty of farmers is uncertain.For the groups of low human capital level,improving human capital level is more important than reducing opportunity inequality.For groups with high human capital levels,reducing opportunity inequality is more important than improving human capital level.(4)All farmers are divided into four types: “Class I” farmers,“Class II” farmers,“Class III” farmers and “Class IV” farmers.Relative poverty governance should focus on“Class II” farmers,“Class III” farmers and “Class IV” farmers,especially “Class IV”farmers.The relatively poverty households among the “Class I” farmers are “occasional"poverty,the relatively poverty households among the “Class II” farmers are mainly“structural” poverty caused by opportunity inequality,the relatively poverty households among the “Class III” farmers are mainly “structural” poverty caused by insufficient human capital and the relatively poverty households among the “Class IV” farmers are mainly “abject” poverty caused by opportunity inequality and insufficient human capital.(5)The path of relative poverty governance should be selected from the aspects of reducing the opportunity inequality of the relative poverty households,improving the livelihood capital level of the relative poor households,activating the endogenous power of the relative poor households,and constructing a mechanism for the relative poverty governance.For the governance of relative poverty,policy suggestions should be put forward in terms of expanding the ways for farmers to increase their income,paying attention to Rural Revitalization and the development of key counties,promoting the comprehensive development of ethnic minority areas,and complementing the shortcomings of spiritual life of farmers.The innovations of this paper are mainly reflected in the following aspects:(1)The paper innovates the perspective of relative poverty research.This paper breaks through the analysis of the influencing factors of relative poverty in the existing literature,and brings the important external factor of opportunity inequality into the study of the causes of relative poverty.It constructs a theoretical analysis framework for the study of relative poverty of farmers from the internal and external factors of human capital level and opportunity inequality,and conducts empirical analysis,provides a new research perspective for the study of relative poverty.(2)The paper expands the connotation of relative poverty.Based on the thought of common prosperity and the theory of multidimensional poverty,this paper defines the relative poverty of farmers into three types: subjective relative poverty,objective relative poverty and multidimensional relative poverty,of which the focus is on multidimensional relative poverty.The multidimensional relative poverty of farmers includes three levels of content,one is the core layer in the economic dimension,the second is the formal layer in the dimensions of culture,health,environment and society,and the third is the extension layer in the spiritual dimension.It considers both economic relative poverty and non-economic relative poverty.It considers both the material relative poverty and the spiritual relative poverty.(3)The paper enriches the methods of measuring opportunity inequality among individuals.The existing methods for objectively measuring opportunity inequality can not measure individual opportunity inequality.Although the existing methods for subjectively measuring opportunity inequality can measure individual opportunity inequality,they can not well reflect uncontrollable environmental variables.In this paper,the method of characteristic method is proposed to measure individual opportunity inequality by measuring the difference of environmental variables,which can more objectively reflect the connotation of opportunity inequality.(4)The paper objectively analyzes the characteristics of relative poverty of farmers.According to the threshold regression results,the characteristics of the relative poverty of farmers are analyzed by using the four-quadrant analysis and Beaudoin’s poverty classification method.It is found that the relatively poverty households among the “Class I”farmers are “occasional" poverty,the relatively poverty households among the “Class II”farmers are mainly “structural” poverty caused by opportunity inequality,the relatively poverty households among the “Class III” farmers are mainly “structural” poverty caused by insufficient human capital and the relatively poverty households among the “Class IV”farmers are mainly “abject” poverty caused by opportunity inequality and insufficient human capital.These provide scientific theoretical basis and optimal governance path for alleviating relative poverty. |
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