| Ecosystem directly or indirectly provides a number of services for human society,including water and soil conservation,food supply,water conservation,which is an important material basis for the development of human society.Human beings can satisfy and improve their own well-being by consuming a variety of services and products provided by the ecosystem.However,unreasonable human activities have seriously damaged the natural environment for human survival and development,and the sustainable supply of ecosystem services has been threatened.Meanwhile,stakeholders such as residents at different spatio-temporal scales have widely varying needs for the types and quantities of ecosystem services.There is a spatial mismatch between the ecosystem services supply of and demand,leading to environmental injustice and affecting human well-being.The scientific measurement of ecosystem service supply and human demand and their integration into natural resource management practices,as well as the implementation of multi-scale ecosystem management based on the ecosystem service supply and demand,are of great significance for advancing the construction of ecological civilization,promoting regional sustainable development,and enhancing human well-being.The premise is to identify supply-demand pattern of ecosystem services at different scales and their evolutionary patterns and influencing factors to provide scientific decision-making for sustainable ecosystem management.Currently,studies on ecosystem management are dominated by the ecosystem services supply,but ecosystem services demand at different scales based on social system dimensions is weak.Studies on the interrelationship between the ecosystem services supply and demand and their relationship to environmental justice are still not sufficiently advanced.Therefore,this study was supported by the theory of ecosystem management,ecosystem service value,and public goods,and was conducted from a multidisciplinary and integrated perspective of geography,ecology,management,and sociology.China,coastal areas,and Yantai were selected as the study area.Multi-year,multi-scale land-use change survey,socio-economic,basic geography and other multi-source data were used to study the spatio-temporal dynamic evolution of multi-scale supply-demand pattern of ecosystem services based on an integrated ecosystem and social system perspective.Further,the study analyzed the mechanisms and interactions of socio-economic factors such as human activities on the evolution of supply-demand pattern of ecosystem services and explored the interrelationships between the ecosystem services supply and demand at different scales and regions,as well as the relationship between the supplydemand pattern of ecosystem services and human well-being represented by environmental justice.On this basis,studies on multi-scale ecosystem management and ecological compensation strategies based on the perspective of ecosystem service supply and demand were finally carried out.The main elements and conclusions of the study were as follows.(1)Based on the proposed logical framework of multi-scale ecosystem management,the ecosystem services supply and demand were characterized separately by proposing ecosystem services supply index(ESPI)and land development index(LDI)to reveal the regional differences in the supply-demand pattern of ecosystem services in China in2015 and the spatio-temporal evolution patterns from 2000 to 2015 at the macro-scale.The interaction between land development and ecosystem service supply under the drivers of economic development and urbanization in different regions of China was also analyzed.The results showed that the spatial imbalance in the supply-demand of ecosystem services was obvious at the macro-scale.The Low supply-High demand(LH)pattern accounted for 3.27% of the total land area in China and was mainly concentrated in developed regions and some capital cities,where 28.95% of the total population and 51.93% of the country’s GDP was generated in 2015.From 2000 to 2015,due to the implementation of a series of ecological restoration projects,the imbalance was shrinking,and regions with negative changes in supply-demand patterns were declining.There were regional differences in the relationship between supply and demand of ecosystem services.With the increase of LDI,the decline of ESPI in East and South China was much higher than that in North and Northeast China.The rapid economic growth and intensive land development and utilization in eastern and southern China led to a greater decline in ESPI than in northern and northeastern China.Land development was a key factor in the decline of ESPI.(2)Taking the relationship between ecosystem services supply and demand as the entry point at the meso-scale,this study achieved coupling of ecosystem services supply and demand by proposing an ecosystem services supply and demand index(ESSDI).This study investigated the spatio-temporal characteristics and patterns of ESSDI in coastal areas,analyzed the impact factors and driving mechanisms of changes in supply-demand of ecosystem services,explored the relationship between supplydemand of ecosystem services and environmental justice in coastal areas in China,and clarified the relationship between imbalance in supply-demand of ecosystem services and ecological risks.The results showed that the trend of ecosystem services supply and demand in coastal areas was consistent with the national trend.The spatial imbalance in the supply-demand pattern of ecosystem services improved from 2000 to2015.Notwithstanding that the correlation coefficient between natural factors and ESSDI was higher,the development of the economy and the improvement of the quality of the population also had a substantial effect on ESSDI and the improvement of environmental quality.The spatial imbalance in ESSDI also caused environmental injustice.The ecological protection achievements in western China were freely enjoyed by the eastern region without compensation.The implementation of some ecological compensation projects changed the spatial imbalance in ESSDI and relieved the environmental injustice.ESSDI in coastal areas was positively correlated with habitat quality.ESSDI in Shanghai,Jiangsu,and Zhejiang was more sensitive to the impact of habitat quality and was most likely to cause ecological risks due to changes in the ecosystem services supply and demand.(3)Taking Yantai as the study area,the spatio-temporal evolution of the supplydemand pattern of three types of ecosystem services representing in Yantai,including food supply,carbon sequestration,and water yield,was first analyzed at the micro-scale.The trade-offs/synergies of the three ecosystem services and their driving mechanisms were then examined.Furthermore,on the basis of the ecological risk assessment of the sea area,the results of the supply-demand pattern of three types of ecosystem services were used to carry out the ecosystem service supply and demand zoning of Yantai based on land and sea coordination.Finally,using carbon sequestration as an example,this study proposed the spatial flow characterization method and flow mode of carbon sequestration service.The results showed that there were significant differences in spatial distribution of carbon sequestration,food supply,and water yield in Yantai.The service supply capacity of the central and southern areas of Yantai was relatively high,while that of the northern coastal areas was relatively weak.The gap of food supply services and carbon sequestration services in most areas of Yantai showed a surplus pattern,while water yield showed an ecological deficit pattern.The three pairs of ecosystem services showed a synergy relationship.Rainfall and ecological restoration projects were important factors for the change of ecosystem service synergy.Most areas of Yantai belonged to the ecological surplus area.The areas with better supply-demand of ecosystem services accounted for 54.2% of the total area of Yantai.Qixia,Muping,Penglai,Longkou,Zhaoyuan,Haiyang,and Fushan had larger radiation intensity and scale of sequestered carbon ecosystem services.These above areas should give priority to ecological compensation according to according to the proportion of ecosystem services obtained by other regions.(4)Synthesizing different scales,this study conducted a multi-scale difference analysis of the supply-demand pattern of ecosystem services to reveal regional differences in the interactions between the ecosystem services supply and demand at different scales.The results suggested that the macro-scale supply-demand pattern of ecosystem services can achieve macro control over micro-scale pattern.The microscale pattern was a more detailed reflection of the macro-scale.The characteristics of the supply-demand pattern of ecosystem services were more consistent across scales.The differences in the supply-demand pattern of ecosystem services at the macro-scale objectively reflected the differences in different geographic subdivisions.The differences within geographic subdivisions can be refined at the meso-scale.The spatially continuous changes in supply and demand within the county can be identified at the micro-scale.The ecosystem services supply and demand were negatively correlated at different scales.The macro-scale ecosystem services supply-demand correlation coefficient exceeded-0.6.The correlation increased significantly as the ecosystem service complex increased.The negative correlation at the macro-scale was stronger than the meso and micro scale.The supply-demand correlation of supply services(water yield,food supply)was stronger than that of regulation services(carbon sequestration)at the micro-scale.As the economy developed,the negative correlation between supply and demand continued to increase.(5)In order to achieve sustainable ecosystem management,a multi-scale ecosystem control and ecological compensation zoning system based on the supply-demand of ecosystem services was proposed on the basis of the above-mentioned research,and strategies for ecosystem control and ecological compensation at different scales were put forward,thus laying the foundation for the establishment of a unified national ecosystem management system.This study constructed a multi-scale ecosystem control and ecological compensation zoning system based on the supply-demand pattern of ecosystem services at China,coastal areas,and Yantai scales.China was divided into 7first-grade regions at the macro-scale,which were divided into ecological compensation receptor zones and ecological compensation main zones.Different second-grade regions were subdivided into 3 categories at meso-scale,including ecological surplus,ecological balance,and ecological deficit.The micro-scale further subdivided the area into 5 third-grade regions.Control measures and recommendations were provided for different scales,regions,and types.The ecological compensation in Yantai was measured on the basis of the quantification of ecosystem services supply and demand at the micro-scale,using carbon sequestration services as an example.Most of Tantai(including 129 towns,sub district offices,and islands)was an ecological surplus area,which required ecological compensation.There were 31 towns,sub district offices,and islands in Yantai that needed ecological payments.Qixia had the largest amount of ecological compensation,which exceeded 500 million yuan.The compensation amount of Penglai,Zhaoyuan,Muping,Laiyang,and Haiyang also exceeded 200 million yuan.The amount of ecological compensation for carbon sequestration services in Yantai was about 2.2 billion yuan,and Yantai was an important ecological source of carbon sequestration services.This study selected China,coastal areas,and Yantai as the study area,revealed the spatio-temporal dynamic evolution law of the supply-demand pattern of ecosystem services at different scales and the regional differences,and their driving mechanisms,explored the relationship between the ecosystem services supply and demand at different scales and human well-being represented by environmental justice,innovated the spatial flow characterization of carbon sequestration ecosystem services and its ecological compensation quantitative measurement method based on the perspective of ecosystem services supply and demand,and proposed multi-scale ecosystem control and ecological compensation strategies.This study not only enriched the scientific study of the processes and mechanisms of change in the terrestrial surface system,but also expanded the theoretical approach to the study of multiscale ecosystem management.Meanwhile,this study provided scientific decision-making for multiscale ecosystem management in the context of social and environmental justice. |
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