Faunal Analysis Of Pentatomidae Species In Qinling Mountains And Phylogenetic Analysis Of Some Species In Pentatoma Based On Partial Sequence COI Gene (Hemiptera)

Pentatomidae is a big family of superfamily Pentatomidea of Hemiptera-Heteroptera. All of them live on land. Most species of Pentatomidae are phytophagousinsects.They are important pests of agriculture and forest. Asopinae are all predatory insects,and they are important natural enemy insets that can be used in biocontrol of pests. Soinsects of Pentatomidae are very important in economy.Here we report Pentatomidae from four aspects:1. Summary.There is a large dispute about systematics of Hemiptera and "Homoptera". According tothe study result of near several tens of years, most researchers think phylogeneticrelationships of Hemiptera should be: (Sternorrhyncha, (Cicadomorpha, (Fulgoromorpha,(Coleorrhyncha, Heteroptera)))), and propose to stop using the insect order name"Homoptera". Pentatomidae is a big family of Hemiptera-Heteroptera. According tosystematics erected by Rider, at present, there are four subfamilies of Pentatomidae in China:Asopinae, Phyllocephalinae, Podopinae and Pentatominae. We have known by 1995 thatthere are 4112 species, 642 genus in the world, and more than 500 species, 170 genus couldbe found in China. Faunal Analysis indicats that Pentatominae insects in China attribute toOriental species and Palaearctic species, but Oriental species is more than Palaearcticspecies. According to the analysis of the animal geographical fauna of China, Pentatominaeinsects of central, southern and southwest China are more than other regions. Molecularbiological Techniques have been used in insects of Hemiptera for exploring populationecology and evolution, taxonomy and identification of species, Phylogeny reconstruction.2. Faunal analysis of Pentatominae insects in Qinling MountainsSpecies diversity of Qinling Mountains is rich. We enumerate the list of Pentatominaeby samples collected from Qinling Mountains and references about Pentatominae insects.There are 77 species, including 15 species which are new records of Shaanxi province and22 species which are new records of Qinling Mountains. Faunal analysis indicats that thefauna of Qinling Mountains is intergrade of Oriental species and Palaearctic species, but theproportion of Palaearctic species is larger. According to the analysis of the animalgeographical fauna of China, the fauna of Qinling Mountains is close to the fauna of centraland southwest China, but farther to the fauna of northeast China and Qinghai-Xizang region, meanwhile the fauna includes 6.5% of endemic species, lesser than Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,Hengduan Mountains, Tianmu Mountains and Changjiang Reservoir Region.3. On new species of PentatomidaeThe part deals with genuses of Pentatoma and Aenaria of Pentatomidae, and key tospecies are provided to facilitate species identification. The genus Pentatoma belonging tothe Pentatomine of pentatomidae, was erected by Olivier in 1789 and 34 species have beenreported so far. Pentatoma cangshanensis He & Zheng 2006 and Pentatoma viridicornutaHe & Zheng 2006 were discoveredin by me from Qinling Mountains of Shaanxi provinceand Cangshan of Yunnan province. The genus Aenaria belonging to the Sephelini ofpentatomidae, was erected by Stal in 1876 and 5 species have been reported so far. Amongthem a new species of the genus Aenaria, namely Aenaria tuoliensis sp. nov. was discoveredin from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China and described in this paper.4. Phylogeny analysis of Some Species of Pentatoma inferred from CO1 GeneSequenceThe species now grouped in Pentatoma Olivier are variegated and the genus issomewhat heterogenous. In this paper, 9 species of Pentatoma are studied for molecularevolutional principle and phylogenetic analysis, based on Partial Sequence CO1 Gene. Herewe gain some conclusions as follows:a. We get COI gene fragments of 9 species of pentatoma, which are correspondinglyinvariablenes and have a strong A+T bias.b. Sequence substitution primary happened at the fist position and second positioncorrespondingly was invariableness, but transition is just a little higher than Transversion atall position. Most transition occurs between T and C, and most transversion occurs betweenA and T. The average transition and transversion ratio of CO1 gene sequence is 1.6.c. The data shows that R ratio between Pentatoma parataibaiensis and Pentatomasemiannulata is higher, and genetic distances between Pentatoma parataibaiensis andPentatoma semiannulata is less. So relation of Pentatoma parataibaiensis and Pentatomasemiannulata is near. Four topologies from MP, NJ, ML and Bayesian inference (BI) showthat Pentatoma parataibaiensis and Pentatoma semiannulata formed one clade, butPentatoma viridicornuta also converge with them. So Pentatoma parataibaiensis,Pentatoma semiannulata and Pentatoma viridicornuta apparently attach to the same group.d. The data shows that R ratio is higher and genetic distances is less among Pentatomaangulata, Pentatoma rufipes Henan and Pentatoma rufipes Shaanxi. The distance betweenthe same species is bigger than distances betwenn species. Four topologies from MP, NJ, MLand Bayesian inference (BI) show that Pentatoma rufipes Henan and Pentatoma angulataconverge firstly, then Pentatoma rufipes Shaanxi converge with them. So the relationship between Pentatoma rufipes and Pentatoma angulata should be doubt.e. Four topologies from MP, NJ, ML and Bayesian inference (BI) support the groupPentatoma rufipes and the relationship of species in this clades is: ((Pentatoma rufipes,Pentatoma angulata), (Pentatoma illuminata, Pentatoma metallifera).f. Phylogeny relationship between Pentatoma kunmingensis and Pentatoma Japonicacann't be knew from the taxa, also groups of Pentatoma and partition of Pentatoma cann'tbeconfirmed.