Effects Of Tillage Methods And Soil Mositure On Grain Yield And Water Use Characteristics And Its Physiological Basis In Wheat

In order to determine the suitable tillage methods and soil moisture of high-yield wheat field,field experiment was conducted in 2007-2008 growing seasons to study the effects of tillage systems and soil moisture on grain yield and water use characteristics in wheat plants (cv. Jimai 22) at Shiwang village, Yanzhou, Shandong. Field experiment utilized the split-plot design with tillage methods as main plots and irrigation treatment as subplots. The main plot set five tillage methods:moldboard ploughing(traditional ploughing), rotary tillage, subsoiling and rotary tillage, half-rotary tillage,fertilizing-sowing machine seeding ( no-tillage ) , subsoiling and half-rotary tillage,fertilizing-sowing machine seeding (subsoiling and no-tillage); subplots set five irrigation treatments, soil water content was average value of relative soil water content of 0~140 cm layers:W0:pre-winter stage(75%), jointing stage(65%), anthesis stage(65%), W1:pre-winter stage(75%), jointing stage(75%), anthesis stage(65%), W2:pre-winter stage(75%), jointing stage(75%), anthesis stage(75%), W3:pre-winter stage(85%), jointing stage(65%), anthesis stage(65%), W4:pre-winter stage(85%), jointing stage(75%), anthesis stage(65%). The results were as follows:1 Effects of soil moisture on grain yield and water use characteristics in wheat under different tillage conditions1.1 Effects of soil moisture on grain yield and water use characteristics in wheat under traditional ploughing, rotary tillage and subsoiling and rotary tillage conditions1.1.1 Effects of soil moisture on water consumption characteristicsUnder traditional ploughing, rotary tillage and subsoiling and rotary tillage conditions, the ratio of irrigation amount to total water consumption amount of treatment W2 was the highest while the ratio of soil water consumption amount to total water consumption amount was the lowest. At the stage from anthesis to maturity, the water consumption amount and the stage water consumption percentage of treatment W2 were the highest. Compared with treatment W2, the ratio of irrigation amount to total water consumption amount of treatment W1 decreased while the ratio of soil water consumption amount to total water consumption amount, the water consumption amount and the stage water consumption percentage increased.1.1.2 Effects of soil moisture on dry matter distribution, grain yield and water use efficiencyUnder traditional ploughing and rotary tillage conditions, dry matter redistribution amount after anthesis of treatment W1 was the highest while grain yield and water use efficiency were higher. On the basis of treatment W1, treatment W2 increased relative soil water content at anthesis stage, and dry matter accumulation after anthesis and the ratio of dry matter accumulation amount to kernel after anthesis increased, so its grain yield was the highest.Under subsoiling and rotary tillage conditions, compared with treatment W2, dry matter redistribution amount and dry matter redistribution amount rate after anthesis increased. Grain yield and water use efficiency of treatment W1 were no significant differences from treatment W2 whereas those were significantly higher than treatment W0. 1.2 Effects of soil moisture on grain yield and water use characteristics in wheat under no-tillage and subsoiling and no-tillage conditions1.2.1 Effects of soil moisture on water consumption characteristicsUnder no-tillage condition, the ratio of irrigation amount to total water consumption amount of treatment W2 and W4 were the highest while the ratio of soil water consumption amount to total water consumption amount were the lowest. On the basis of treatment W2, treatment W1 decreased relative soil water content at anthesis stage, decreased irrigation amount, increased soil water consumption amount and its consumption amount in 0~60 cm layers.Under subsoiling and no-tillage conditions, the ratio of irrigation amount to total water consumption amount of treatment W2 was the highest while the ratio of soil water consumption amount to total water consumption amount and its consumption amount in 0~100 cm layers were the lowest. At the stage from anthesis to maturity, the water consumption amount and the period water consumption percentage of treatment W2 were the highest. Irrigation amount and soil water consumption amount of treatment W4 were higher while total water consumption was the highest, and treatment W4 increased soil consumption amount in 20~100 cm layers whereas decreased those in 100~140 cm layers.1.2.2 Effects of soil moisture on dry matter distribution grain yield and water use efficiencyUnder no-tillage and subsoiling and no-tillage conditions, dry matter distribution amount and distribution proportion to kernel before anthesis of treatment W1 were the highest while grain yield and water use efficiency were higher. On the basis of treatment W1, treatment W2 increased relative soil water content at anthesis stage, its dry matter accumulation after anthesis, grain yield and water use efficiency were the highest, while dry matter distribution proportion to kernel before anthesis and water use efficiency of treatment W3 and W4 were lower.In a word, under traditional ploughing, rotary tillage, no-tillage and subsoiling and no-tillage conditions, the ratio of irrigation amount to total water consumption amount of treatment W2 was the highest while the ratio of soil water consumption amount to total water consumption amount was the lowest. At the stage from anthesis to maturity, the water consumption amount and the period water consumption percentage of treatment W2 were the highest. Also, the dry matter accumulation after anthesis and the ratio of dry matter accumulation amount to kernel after anthesis of treatment W2 were the highest. So it gains the highest grain yield and higher water use efficiency.2 Effects of tillage methods on grain yield and water use characteristics in wheat under different soil moisture conditions2.1 Effects of tillage methods on water consumption characteristics Under the condition of treatment W0, the ratio of precipitation to total water consumption amount of no-tillage and subsoiling and no-tillage were the highest while the ratio of soil water consumption amount to total water consumption amount were the lowest, and those consumption amount of 20~60 cm and 80~140 cm layers were significantly lower than rotary tillage, subsoiling and rotary tillage and traditional ploughing. At the stage from jointing to anthesis the water consumption amount and the period water consumption percentage of no-tillage and subsoiling and no tillage were the highest. But total water consumption amount and ratio of soil water consumption amount to those of traditional ploughing were higher while its consumption amount of 20~100 cm layers was the highest. Also the water consumption amount and the period water consumption percentage of traditional ploughing were the highest at the stage from anthesis to maturity.Under the conditions of treatment W1 and W2, the ratio of precipitation to total water consumption amount of no-tillage was the highest while the ratio of irrigation amount and soil water consumption amount to total water consumption amount were lower, and its total water consumption amount was lowest, while its soil water consumption amount in 0~60 cm and 100~140 cm layers were significantly lower than those of rotary tillage, subsoiling and rotary tillage and traditional ploughing. Compared with no-tillage, the ratio of irrigation amount to total water consumption amount of subsoiling and no-tillage increased whereas the ratio of soil water consumption amount to total water consumption amount was no significant difference among those tillage methods. The water consumption amount and the period water consumption percentage of subsoiling and no-tillage were higher than no-tillage at the stage from anthesis to maturity.2.2 Effects of tillage methods on dry matter distribution and grain yield Under the conditions of treatment W0 and W1, the dry matter distribution amount to kernel before anthesis of subsoiling and no-tillage was the highest, and the dry matter distribution proportion to kernel before anthesis of subsoiling and no-tillage was no significant difference from no-tillage whereas those were significantly higher than rotary tillage, subsoiling and rotary tillage, traditional ploughing. While the dry matter accumulation after anthesis and the ratio of dry matter accumulation amount to kernel after anthesis of subsoiling and rotary tillage were the highest.Under the condition of treatment W2, dry matter distribution amount and proportion to kernel before anthesis of subsoiling and no-tillage were the highest, and the dry matter accumulation after anthesis of subsoiling and no-tillage were no significant difference from subsoiling and rotary tillage whereas those were significantly higher than no-tillage, rotary tillage, traditional ploughing.2.3 Effects of tillage methods on quality of grain proteinUnder the condition of treatment W0, protein content, wet gluten content and dough stability time of subsoiling and no-tillage were the highest. Quality of grain protein was the optimum, those of no-tillage were higher, and those of rotary tillage, subsoiling and rotary tillage and traditional ploughing were the lowest.Under the conditions of treatment W1 and W2, protein content, wet gluten content and dough stability time of no-tillage and subsoiling and no-tillage were the highest. Quality of grain protein was the optimum.In a word, the ratio of irrigation amount to total water consumption amount of subsoiling and no-tillage was the highest while the ratio of soil water consumption amount to total water consumption amount was the lowest. At the stage from jointing to anthesis, the water consumption amount and the period water consumption percentage of subsoiling and no-tillage were the highest. Also, the dry matter distribution amount and distribution proportion in kernel before anthesis of subsoiling and no-tillage were the highest. So its grain yield and water use efficiency were no significant difference from subsoiling and rotary tillage whereas those were significantly higher than no-tillage, rotary tillage, traditional ploughing.