| The genetic diversity of thirteen cattle breeds, including ten native breeds in China and three introduced breeds from Europe, were studied by using 15 microsatellite DNA markers which were recommended by FAO and ISAG. .A total of 756 genotypes were detected and amplified products were analyzed based on ABI3100-Avant auto gene sequenator and fluorescence multiplex PCR. By calculating the alleles frequency, peculiar allele, heterozygosity(H), polymorphism information content (PIC), effective number of alleles(Ne), Nei's genetic distance(DA) and Nei's standard genetic distance(DS) among cattle breeds and constructing dendrogram as well as UPGMA method to analyze the genetic variability and genetic relationship between yellow cattle breeds. The results were as follows:1. A total of 242 alleles were detected from fifteen microsatellite loci, and the average number was 16.1. The most allele number was 26 for ILSTS034, the least was 10 for ILSTS054 and BM1824, and other loci were from 11 to 22 in fifteen microsatellite loci. In thirteen cattle breeds, the mean allele number was from 7 to 11, the most was Weining, Wuchuan Black and Longlin, and the least was Sanjiang, Simmental and Germany Yellow. The genetic diversity of thirteen cattle breeds was plentiful and the genetic variation was relatively great.2. A total of 32 peculiar alleles were found in thirteen cattle breeds, and other cattle breeds had a peculiar allele at least in one microsatellite loci except Wuchuan Black, Longlin and Germany Yellow, and the most was 5 for Qinchuan and Diqing. There were no peculiar allele in ILSTS054 and SPS115, and the most was 6 in TGLA122 at fifteen microsatellite loci. The frequency of peculiar allele was lower at fifteen microsatellite loci in thirteen cattle breeds, no other breeds but alleles frequency of ETH185 in the 243bp (0.052) for Simmental and TGLA122 in the 180bp (0.112) for Gemany Yellow were bigger than 0.05. There were 19 superior alleles at fifteen microsatellite loci in thirteen cattle breeds and the allele frequency were all larger than 0.50. 3. At fifteen loci the PIC was from 0.3232 to 0.8973 and the heterozygosity was from 0.3340 to 0.9043 and the Ne was from 1.5016 to 10.4534 in thirteen cattle breeds. Three indexes were maximum at ILSTS034 for Wuchuan Black and minimum at INRA032 for Simmental. The mean PIC and heterozygosity of ILSTS034 locus were the highest as 0.8250 and 0.8381; however that of HEL13 locus were the lowest as 0.6052 and 0.6479. Three indexes that were the mean PIC and heterozygosity and Ne were the highest for Diqing as 0.7744, 0.8003 and 5.3573; that were the lowest for Germany Yellow as 0.6203, 0.6651 and 3.3308. The genetic variation for thirteen cattle breeds was remarkably, and it for Diqing was maximum and Germany Yellow was minimum. The fifteen microsatellite loci that were used in the disquisition were highly polymorphic and are applied to analyze the genetic diversity for cattle breeds.4. The genetic distance of the ten native cattle breeds was larger than three introduced breeds. The genetic distance among Wannan, Ji'an, Longlin, Weizhou and Xuwen was samll, and DA ranging from 0.0646 to 0.1286 and DS from 0.0356 to 0.0987. The genetic distance between Sanjian and other native cattle breeds was large, and DA was from 0.1373 to 0.2647 and DS from 0.1628 to 0.3466. The genetic distance was smallest among three introduced breeds.5. Thirteen cattle breeds were clustered into three groups based on the UPGMA tree. The first group included Wannan, Ji'an, Longlin and Weizhou breeds; the second group included Weining, Wuchuan Black, Diqing, Qinchuan and Sanjiang breeds; Simmental and Charolais and Germany yellow breeds was belong to the third group.
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