Research On Major Defoliator Pests Of Shandong Poplar Forest And Non-pollution Control Technology

Poplar is one of the main afforestation tree species in Shandong Province with the characteristics of many varieties and wide distribution.According to statistics,Poplar planting areas were above 812,000 hm~2 in Shandong province before 2003.Recently the areas were increased by 133,000 hm~2 per year.The occurrence area,species varieties of poplar pests were going up year by year with the increasing hosts planting areas.In 1999,the occurrence areas of defoliator pests of poplar were above 23,900 hm~2.After comprehensive control,the occurrence area was reduced to 11,400 hm~2,including Apocheima cinerarius Ersch,Clostera anachoreta (Fabricius)and Micromelalopha troglodyte Graeser.In 2006,defoliator pests of poplar first broke out in many plots,and in 2007,broke out in large areas.Hyphantria cunea(Drury),one of the international quarantine pests,had spreaded out from east Shandong province to west of Dong Ying city,Bin Zhou city,Wei Fang city(ShouGuang city),and had attacked poplar seriously.Almost all of defoliator pests of poplar begin to unearthed,emergence,oviposition, hatching and then harm the hosts in spring.So observing,monitoring,studying the biological characteristics,occurrance and development regularity of main defoliator pests,and forecasting and harmless controll are important issues of forestry production of Shandong Province.In Shandong,there are few research thesis on Apocheima cinerarius Ersch.This paper mainly studied the occurrance and development regularity and harmless control of defoliator pests of poplar plantation.The results showed that:(1)The species of main defoliator pests of poplar were clarified by the research.There were 5 species of the pests in Poplar,including Apocheima cinerarius(Ersch),Clostera anachoreta (Fabricius),Micromelalopha troglodyte(Graeser),Hyphantria cunea(Drury)and Leucoptera susinella Heerich(Schaffer).The morphological characteristics and life habits of the 5 pest species were observed and the prevailing pests were monitored and controlled.(2)Based on many years' monitoring and survey data in Shandong Province on the five species of defoliator pest,and on the theoretical basis of experimental prediction model,the five spieces of insects were forecasted in prediction methods.(3)Based on the defoliator pests grading standards,In accidental plague area and non plague area,natural adjustment take the most importance,and manual prevention and cure methods take small part;In heavy-lost(mildly or heavily occurred area)disaster area,measures based on bio-control take the most importance and supplemented by measure based on other prevention or other comprehensive management measures.Prevention and treatment before the second generation should be emphasized.In heavy-lost forest,pesticide spray should be taken to control extensive outbreaks of the disaster and pollution-free pesticides should be used by drilling and injecting through the trunk to prevent pests.Hyphantria cunea(Drury)should be strictly quarantined.(4)After the investigation of the forest farm in Shang He Xian Yu Huang Miao and Sha He Town,Apocheima cinerarius(Ersch)had one generation in one year in Shandong province.The pupaes hided in the soil under the crown of a tree in the summer and winter and laid eggs in early spring the following year.The begin period of adult eclosion stage was on February 9 in the year 2007.The temperature was 6.05℃.The female to male ratio was 2.37:1.It was about from March 29 to April 8 that eggs began to hatch into larvae.The peak occurrence period was from mid-April to early May.They emerged into mature larvae in mid-May and then emerged into pupation and then lived through the summer and the winter as pupation.The 1 to 5 larvae complete overlapped date was April 16.10～12 days prior to that stage was the optimum period to use pesticide for prevention.(5)The poison barrier at the base of tree was colligated to shape as an inverted trumpet, which prevented female imagoes from climbing up the trees.So non-winged female imagoes were stopped from climbing up the trees to copulate with male imagoes.Ultraviolet lights were used to trap and kill the imagoes in middle and late Feb.And the sex pheromone was used to trap and kill the imagoes in late March and early April.Investigation showed that egg masses were mainly laied and hatched early in south and west,including southeast and southwest,facet of the trunk,and should be collected with emphasis.(6)During the trial in the survey,defoliator pests had many natural bird enemies,main species including sparrows,azure-winged magpie,culver,woodpeckers in spring in Shandong. Native species such as sparrows,azure-winged magpie and culver were used to prevent and cure pests.The method of building artificial bird nest was also used to protect natural enemy actively.