| 1 Differences of water consumption characteristic and grain yield and WUE between different wheat cultivarsDifferences of water consumption characteristic and water use efficiency (WUE) between different wheat cultivars was studied by using two wheat cultivars including Taishan 23(T23) which with medium gluten and Jimai 20(J20) which with strong gluten. Setting up two treatments including no irrigation (W0), and irrigated before sowing, at jointing and anthesis stage (W1). Each irrigation received 60 mm water. The principal results were as follows.Under the treatments W0 and W1, the grain yield and WUE of T23 were significantly higher than that of J20.1.1 Differences of water consumption characteristic and WUE between different wheat cultivarsUnder the treatment W0, the two wheat cultivars were mainly using the soil moisture of 0~80cm soil layers from sowing to revival. From revival to anthesis, T23 was mainly using the soil moisture of 80~160cm soil layers, but J20 was mainly using the soil moisture of 80~140cm soil layers. From anthesis to maturity, T23 was mainly using the soil moisture of 160~200cm soil layers, but J20 was mainly using the soil moisture of 140~200cm soil layers.Under the treatment W1, the two wheat cultivars were mainly using the soil moisture of 0~40cm soil layers from sowing to revival. From revival to anthesis, T23 was mainly using the soil moisture of 40~140cm soil layers, but J20 was mainly using the soil moisture of 40~100cm soil layers. From anthesis to maturity, T23 was mainly using the soil moisture of 80~200cm soil layers, but J20 was mainly using the soil moisture of 100~200cm soil layers.The soil consumption amount in 0~200cm of T23 was significantly higher than that of J20. Analysis of every soil layer in 0~200cm, the soil consumption amount in 40~100cm of T23 was higher than that of J20, there was no significant change in 100~200cm soil layers for the both wheat cultivars under the treatment W0. The soil consumption amount in 60~100cm and 120~200cm of T23 was higher than that of J20, so T23 could use the soil moisture of more deeper soil layers(120~200cm) under the treatment W1.The soil consumption amount was the highest from revival to jointing for the two wheat cultivars under the treatment W0. Under the treatment W1, the stages from anthesis to maturity of T23 and from jointing to anthesis of J20 were the highest stage of soil consumption amount. The soil consumption amount of T23 was higher than that of J20, so T23 had higher ability utilizing the soil moisture than J20.Under the treatments W0 and W1, water consumption amount of T23 was lower 7.42% and 42.32% respectively than that of J20 from sowing to pre- wintering, but it was higher 10.27% and 13.11% respectively from anthesis to maturity. The water consumption amount and the ratio of soil water amount on water consumption amount of T23 were higher than J20, the ratio of precipitation on water consumption amount of T23 was lower than J20 under both W0 and W1 treatments. There was no significant difference for the ratio of irrigation on water consumption amount between T23 and J20 under the treatment W1. So T23 had higher ability utilizing the soil moisture than J20. 1.2 Differences of dry matter accumulation and grain yield between different wheat cultivarsThe senescence speed of flag leaf with T23 was slower than that of J20. The photosynthetic rate, sucrose content, dry matter accumulation amount and dry matter redistribution ratio to kernel after anthesis of T23 were significantly higher than J20 under the treatments W0 and W1. The yield of T23 was higher than that of J20.2 Effects of water and nitrogen interaction on water consumption characteristic, yield and qualityCultivar Taishan 23 (T23), a middle gluten winter wheat cultivar and cultivar Jimai 20 (J20),a strong gluten winter wheat cultivar were used. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design. Main-plot treatments were irrigation rate, consisting of no irrigation (W0), irrigation applied before sowing (W1), before sowing and jointing stage (W2), irrigation applied before sowing, jointing stage and anthesis (W3), irrigation applied before sowing, pre-wintering stage and anthesis (W4), irrigation applied before sowing, pre-wintering stage, jointing and anthesis stage (W5), each irrigation received 60mm water. Sub-plot treatments were nitrogen application rate, consisting of 180kg N·hm-2 (N1) and 240kg N·hm-2 (N2). Effects of water and nitrogen interaction on water consumption characteristic, yield and quality were studied in this experiment. The principal results were as follows.The WUE and grain yield of treatment N1W2 were higher than other treatments, the quality of treatment N1W2 was better.2.1 Effects of water and nitrogen interaction on water consumption characteristicThe water consumption amount of treatment N1W2 from pre-wintering to jointing was higher than that of treatment N1W0, but was lower than that of N1W4 and N1W5. From jointing to anthesis, the water consumption amount of treatment N1W2 was higher than that of other treatments. And from anthesis to maturity, the water consumption amount of treatment N1W2 was lower than that of treatments N1W3, N1W4 and N1W5.Water consumption amount of treatment N1W2 was lower than that of treatments N1W3, N1W4 and N1W5, but the WUE of treatment N1W2 was higher than that of treatments N1W3, N1W4 and N1W5. Based on the treatment of W2, the treatments N1W3, N1W4 and N1W5 were irrigated more water, their ratio of irrigation amount on water consumption amount increased, the ratio of soil water amount on water consumption amount decreased, which were unfavorable improvement of WUE.2.2 Effects of water and nitrogen interaction on dry matter accumulation and distributionUnder the treatment of N1W2, dry matter redistribution amount after anthesis and dry matter redistribution ratio after anthesis of J20 were higher than that of other treatments, and contribution of dry matter assimilation amount after anthesis to kernels of T23 was also higher than that of other treatments. Both T23 and J20 could achieve high yield under the treatment of N1W2.2.3 Effects of water and nitrogen interaction on nitrogen absorption, translation, distribution and nitrogen use efficiencyNitrogen accumulation amount of kernel at maturity and nitrogen translocation amount from vegetative organ to kernel of treatments N1W2 and N1W3 were higher than other treatments. The treatment N1W0 and treatments that irrigated more water were unfavorable the nitrogen translocation from vegetative organ to kernel. Under the treatment N1W2, water absorption, wet gluten content, dough stability time and sedimentation volume of both T23 and J20 were higher than other treatments.Compared with treatment N1, there was no significant difference in grain yield and WUE among irrigated treatments in treatment N2 both T23 and J20.3 Effects of the stage and amount of irrigation on water consumption characteristic, yield and quality in high-yielding wheatCultivar Jimai 22 (J22),a middle gluten winter wheat cultivar was used. Five treatments were included: no irrigation (W0); irrigation before sowing (W1); irrigation before sowing and jointing stage (W2); irrigation before sowing, jointing and anthesis stage (W3); irrigation before sowing and anthesis stage (W4). Each irrigation received 60mm water. Effects of the quantity and period of irrigation on water consumption characteristic, yield and quality in high-yielding wheat were studied in this experiment. The principal results were as follows.The WUE and grain yield of treatment W2 were higher than other irrigation treatments, the quality of treatment W2 was better.3.1 Effects of the stage and amount of irrigation on water consumption characteristic and yield in high-yielding wheatAccording to the developing rule of wheat root, soil layer of 0~200cm were divided into 5 layers, 0~20cm, 20~60cm, 60~100cm, 100~140cm and 140~200cm. Soil moisture content of treatment W2 in 0~20cm, 20~60cm, 60~100cm, 100~140cm and 140~200cm soil layer were 19.50%, 19.40%, 18.95%, 19.45% and 21.93% respectively at jointing period. When it was irrigated 60mm water and the precipitation was 19.9mm from jointing to anthesis, soil moisture content of the 5 layers were 19.00%, 17.90%, 17.60%, 20.05% and 21.90% at anthesis period. At maturity, soil moisture content of treatment W2 in the 5 layers were 15.77%, 15.05%, 14.33%, 13.38% and 15.89% respectively, when the precipitation was 107.5mm from anthesis to maturity.Water consumption amount of treatment W2, which got the highest grain yield was 520.73mm, the contribution rate of precipitation, irrigation amount and soil water amount to water consumption amount were 47.32%, 23.04% and 29.64% respectively. The proportion of soil water amount to water consumption amount of treatment W2 was higher than that of treatment W3 and W4. The water consumption amount of treatment W2 was lower than that of treatment W0 from revival to jointing, but it was higher than that of treatments W0 and W1 from jointing to anthesis. From anthesis to maturity, the water consumption amount of treatment W2 was lower than that of treatment W3 and W4 but it was higher than that of treatments W0 and W1. Both the WUE of yield and WUE of irrigation of treatment were higher than other irrigation treatments.3.2 Effects of the stage and amount of irrigation on nitrogen translation, distribution and grain quality in high-yielding wheatNitrogen accumulation rate of plant, nitrogen uptake efficiency and nitrogen harvest index of treatment W2 were the highest among the different irrigation treatments. Its wet gluten content, water absorption, dough stability time and dough developing time were higher than other irrigation treatments. The quality of treatment W2 was better.3.2 Effects of the stage and amount of irrigation on soil nitrate leachingIrrigation promoted the soil NO3-N to move in deeper soil layers. The soil NO3-N content of treatment W2 was lower than that of treatment W3 and W4 in the soil layers below 1m, which indicated treatment W2 reduce N leaching loss.
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