| PARTâ… DIETARY SURVEY OF PREMENOPAUSAL NONPREGNANT WOMEN AND FIRST TO SECOND-TRIMESTER PREGNANT WOMEN IN KAI COUNTY CHONGQING CHINAObjective: To better understand dietary pattern and quality of premenopausal nonpregnant women and the first to second-trimester pregnant women in Kai County Chongqing China and provide suggestion for local women to improve their dietary habit.Methods: Randomly selected 236 premenopausal nonpregnant women and 127 first to second-trimester pregnant women accepted Query survey and dietary survey. The survey results were used for: (1) Calculating consumption of different kinds of food, and then comparing it with corresponding standards. (2) Calculating intake of energy, protein, vitamin A (VA) and iron, comparing it with the corresponding Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI). (3) Calculating constituent ratio of protein, fat and carbohydrate, then comparing it with the recommended constituent ratio. (4) Comparing the disparation of dietary pattern and quality between the two groups. (5) Describing the relationship of energy from food, protein from food, percentage of high-quality protein with income and education level.Results: (1) The average food consumption per reference man per day of cereals, fruits, meats, dairy and edible oil were 271.66g, 35.46g, 92.15g, 3.41g and 121.30g in premenopausal nonpregnant women group, which respectively reached 90.56 % , 35.46 % , 184.30 % , 3.41% and 485.20% base line of recommended consumption , while 275.00g, 82.54g, 107.68g, 14.96g and 84.37g in the first-trimester pregnant women group, which respectively reached 137.50%, 82.54%, 71.79%, 7.48% and 562.47% base line of recommended consumption, and 264.08g, 98.87g, 139.86g, 9.24g, 92.58g in the second-trimester pregnant women group, which reached 75.46%, 98.87%, 69.93%, 3.70%, 462.90% base line of recommended consumption. (2) In premenopausal nonpregnant women group, the average intake of energy per day reached 99.86% RNI, among which 37.92% was from cereals. The subjects who got their average intake of energy per day over 50% RNI and 100% RNI were 53.82% and 45.34% respectively. The average intake of protein per day reached 65.22% RNI, in which high-quality protein accouted for 42.63%. The subjects who had their avertage intake of protein per day over 50% RNI and 100% RNI were 62.29% and 9.75%. The amount of ingested VA and iron reached 71.67% RNI and 99.08% RNI respectively, 46.95% VA and 25.60% iron from animal food. The subjects who got VA over 50% RNI and 100% RNI were 22.46% and 14.41%, while those who had iron over 50% RNI and 100% RNI were 57.21% and 41.11% respectively. In the first to second-trimester pregnant women group, the average intake of energy per day reached 102.48% RNI, 40.31% from cereals. The subjects who had their energy over 50% RNI and 100% RNI were 51.97% and 48.04%. The average intake of protein per day reached 74.02% RNI, in which high-quality protein accouted for 45.46%. The pregnant women who got 50% RNI and 100% RNI protein were 55.91% and 21.26% respectively. The amount of ingested VA and iron reached 79.25% RNI and 95.51% RNI respectively, 42.76% VA and 23.34% iron from animal food. The subjects who had their VA over 50% RNI and 100% RNI were 27.56% and 14.96%, while 55.91% and 34.65% for iron. (3) The constituent ratio of protein, fat and carbohydrate were 8.27%, 51.56% and 39.96% respectively in premenopausal nonpregnant women group, while 9.75%, 46.67% and 43.66% in the first to second-trimester pregnant women group. (4) Consumption of vegetables, fruits, meats, eggs was significantly lower, and consumption of edible oil was remarkably higher in premenopausal nonpregnant women group than that in the first to second-trimester pregnant women group (P<0.05). The percentage of subjects who had 100% RNI protein was 9.75% in premenopausal nonpregnant women group, while 21.26% in the first to second-trimester pregnant women group, with significant difference between the two groups (X2=9.21, P<0.005). Approximately 96.19% subjects in premenopausal nonpregnant women group had their constituent ratio of fat more than 30%, significantly higher than 88.19% in the first to second-trimester pregnant women group (X2=8.55, P<0.005). (5) In premenopausal nonpregnant women group, with the increase of income, energy and protein from cereals tended to decrease, while energy from other food (pure heat energy food included) and protein from animal food tended to increase, as well as percentage of high-quality protein increased. Along with higher education background, energy and protein from cereals tended to decrease, while energy from other food (including pure heat energy food) and protein from animal food tended to increase, and percentage of high-quality protein increased. In the first to second-trimester pregnant women group, Along with more income, energy from food showed no remarkable change, but protein from cereals tended to decrease, and protein from other food increased. Along with higher income, the percentage of high-quality protein fluctuated. Along with the higher education background, energy and protein from food and the percentage of high-quality protein fluctuated.Conclusion: (1) Insufficient food consumption is still a major issue in Kai County, Chongqing, China. Meanwhile the excess of edible oil intake is a big problem. (2) In premenopausal nonpregnant women group and the first to second-trimester pregnant women group, the intake of energy is inadequate, and the energy from cereal is insufficient. The amount of protein is inadequate too, but the percentage of high-quality protein is suitable. The intake of VA and iron is insufficient and the amount of VA and iron from animal food is inadequate either. (3) Both of the two groups show a low protein, low carbohydrate and high fat dietary pattern. (4) The dietary quality is better in the first to second-trimester pregnant women group than that in premenopausal nonpregnant women group, but the optimization just focuses on intake of protein and fat. (5) In premenopausal nonpregnant women group, with more income and higher education level, the intake of cereal decreases, but the percentage of high-quality protein increases. In the first to second-trimester pregnant women group, the influence of income and education background on dietary could be ignored, since only protein from cereal tends to decrease along with more income. PARTâ…¡SURVEY ON NUTRITION STATUS OF PREMENOPAUSAL NONPREGNANT WOMEN AND FIRST TO SECOND-TRIMESTER PREGNANT WOMEN IN KAI COUNTY CHONGQING CHINAObjective: To investigate prevalence rate (PR) of malnutrition, overweight, obesity in premenopausal nonpregnant women in Kai County, Chongqing, China. To survey PR of anemia, iron depletion, vitamin A deficiency (VAD) and marginal vitamin A deficiency (MVAD) in premenopausal nonpregnant women and the first to second-trimester pregnant women respectively. To analyze the reason causing local women suffering from anemia. To get the disparity of Hb and status of iron and VA between the two groups. To provide basis for the following multi-micronutrient supplementation trial.Methods: Randomly selected 236 premenopausal nonpregnant women and 127 first to second-trimester pregnant women underwent somatometric measurement. The levels of Hb, serum ferritin (SF), serum transferring receptor (STfR), VA, retinol-binding protein (RBP) and prealbumin (PA) in blood were detected. The survey results were used for: (1) Calculating PR of malnutrition, overweight and obesity in premenopausal nonpregnant women. (2) Calculating PR of anemia, iron depletion, VAD and MVAD in premenopausal nonpregnant women and the first to second-trimester pregnant women. (3) Calculating the percentage of anemia subjects who has their SF lower than normal level, and the percentage of anemia subjects who has their STfR higher than normal level in the two groups. (4) Compared the mean value of Hb, SF, STfR, VA, RBP and PA, PR of iron depletion and inadequate of vitamin A between the two groups, and performing the statistical analysis.Results: (1) PR of malnutrition was 5.08%, PR of overweight and obesity were 21.19% and 3.81% in premenopausal nonpregnant women group. (2) In premenopausal nonpregnant women group, PR of anemia was 32.63%, mild anemia and moderate anemia accounting for 32.20% and 0.43% respectively. PR of iron depletion was 16.11%. PR of VAD and MVAD were 12.72% and 26.70% respectively. In the first to second-trimester pregnant women group, PR of anemia was 24.41%, mild anemia and moderate anemia occupying 21.26% and 3.15%. PR of iron depletion was 24.41%. PR of VAD and MVAD were 26.78% and 40.16% respectively. (3) Among 77 anemic premenopausal nonpregnant women, 31.17% had lower SF level, 15.59% had higher STfR level. Among 31 anemic pregnant women, 41.94% had lower SF, 12.91% had higher STfR. (4) Comparing with premenopausal nonpregnant women, the first to second-trimester pregnant women had decreased Hb, VA and RBP (P<0.05), but SF, STfR and PA showed no remarkable difference. PR of iron depletion had no statistical difference between the two groups, while PR of inadequate of vitamin A was significantly higher in the first to second-trimester pregnant women group (X2=25.03, P<0.01). Compared with the first-trimester pregnant women group, the second-trimester pregnant women group had decreased Hb, SF and STfR, but VA, RBP, PA showed no remarkable difference. PR of inadequate vitamin A was of no statistical difference between the two groups, while PR of iron depletion was significantly higher in the second-trimester pregnant women group (X2=6.33, P<0.05).Conclusion: (1) Premenopausal nonpregnant women in Kai County are facing malnutrition and obesity simultaneously. (2) PR of anemia is higher than national level (Premenopausal nonpregnant women: 15.11%, Pregnant women: 10%-20%), but the degree of anemia is slight. The PR of iron depletion is lower than national level (Premenopausal nonpregnant women: 34.4%, pregnant women: 42.60%). The prevalent intensity of VAD in Kai County is moderate, even serious. (3) Anemia is not caused simply by rion deficiency, and VAD was probably an important reason. (4) Women tend to be suffering from VA deficiency before pregnancy, while iron storage tends decrease after pregnancy. |
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