| Nanjing city had double tracks during its development in modern times. On the one hand, as one of the cities opened under the pressure of western invasion after the Opium War, it was first affected by western city viewpoint. New-style industry, foreign trade, commercial, financial and society living gain unprecedented development according to modernization tide. On the other hand, Nanjing city became a port-opening city until 1899 because of chaos caused by wars(such as Taiping rebellion). In addition, it was the center of feudal politics for a long time. So its modernization step was slow. Before 1920s, the number of urban population of Nanjing shrank. But it increased fast after it became the capital in 1928. Politicians, journalists, educators, actors of the whole country took Nanjing as the place where they rose to power and position. Meanwhile, the development of the city brought more employment,attracted many workers, vagrants, superfluous labor force of county from other provinces and nearby to look for survival chance in Nanjing. Because adventitious population increased sharply, and the majority of it were men, the population structure balance of Nanjing was destroyed. They contributed to Nanjing's development greatly, but at the same time, they brought a series of social problems, such as overpopulation, housing strain, the decrease of living level, unemployment, deprival of education, and disturbance of social order.The scale, structure and function of family in Nanjing had change profoundly during the Repbulic of China. Family scale changed from large to small. The small-scale family as the core of husband and wife became the new trend of the social development. And meanwhile, modern marriage structure based on loving freely, spouse equality, one husband have one wife came into being in cities in behave of Nanjing in the Repbulic of China. The function of family in Nanjing gained unprecedented changes on aspects of economic, education, religion, entertainment and etc. The other point of family change was the rise of woman's status. They received education on their own initiative, stepped out close circle, searched for development chance, and embodied their own social value. Traditional family system was disassembling during the modernization process. But Chinese traditional agricultural social structure and its culture system had strong cohesive force, traditional family system and its ideas penetrated everywhere, so the transform of cities in behave of Nanjing in republican China was not complete, the influence of traditional family still existed and blocked the social reformation.Citizens' income was the foundation of their material and consumption level, even the whole daily life. The income of Nanjing citizens was mainly from their labor earning. As a whole, they used the majority of their income on food, clothes, and residence. The proportion on the above three aspects was varied according to their income. Striking point was that miscellaneous payments were small proportion of the whole payments. Miscellaneous payments of upper strata, intermediate strata, lower strata of the society was RMBï¿¥119.21, RMBï¿¥82.63, RMBï¿¥14.36. We know from this miscellaneous payment was more, the living quality and living standard of the people were higher, and had more chances to meet their need. Ordinary citizens could only maintain basic living, and could not receive more education and had the consumption on entertainment and spirit.There was great improvement on medical condition of Nanjing citizenss. Some common diseases in traditional society were controlled step by step with the development of public medical facilities, the expected life span of Nanjing citizens enhanced, and population death ratio reduced. But the lower strata of the citizens, because they had not more extra income and could not enjoy the health brought by modern medical science, when they were ill, they could only use local method, or waited for death.The culture and education of Nanjing were improved with the developm... |
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