The Study On The Administration For The Minorities Of Heilongjiang River Basin During Qing Dynasty (1636-1860)

There lived Suolun, Hezhen, Daur and other minorities in Heilongjiang River basinduring Qing Dynasty. They were the frontier nationalities under Qing government'sadministration. Therefore, whether the domination and administration was effective or notaffected social stability, national unity and country's integrity of territory and sovereignty. Thethesis mainly narrates and analyses the administration to the minorities in Heilongjiang Riverbasin over 200 years from 1636 to the second Opium War. The article consists of four parts: Part One: Qing dominators unified and governed the region of Heilongjiang River basinbefore 1644. Qingtaizu and Taizong launched an expedition in Heilongjiang River basin andoffered amnesty and enlistment positively. They had accomplished the unification ofHeilingjiang River basin as a whole, established the domination over the nationalities initially,and adopted a series of jurisdictional measures to manage the minorities preliminarily. Part Two: Qing government set up administrative organizations after 1644. Thegovernment set up Lifanyuan, the Ministry of Li and other central administrativeorganizations successively. From Jiangjun, Deputy Dutong, Chengshouwei to Xieling, thegovernment established a whole set of local organizations to rule the minorities inHeilongjiang River basin. Part Three: Qing government took a series of administrative policies in accordance withthe customs and conventions in Heilongjiang River basin. They carried out differentadministrative methods according to different regions, different national conditions and thesequence of surrender. The government formed "Eight Banner" and named Zuoling in upperreaches, middle reaches and partial lower reaches of Heilongjiang River basin. Thenationalities there were formed into Hulunbeir nomadic Eight Banner, Butha Eight Banner,New Manchurian Eight Banner, Xibe Eight Banner and Yikeming'an Qi. People wereadministrated under the "Eight Banner system". Borderland people Xingzhang System wasresorted to the borderland nationalities in the lower reaches of Heilongjiang River and KuyeIsland area, which was used to administrate Hezhen, Feiyaka, Kuye and partial Orogen people.In east Mongolia area, the allied Mongolian banner system was adopted to administrateZhalaite, Durbete, Guorluosi Qianqi and Houqi. Part Four: Qing government maintained the relationship with the minorities ofHeilongjiang River basin through special measures. Contributing marten, Shangwulin (thecentral government granted reward things to the minorities) and marriage connection were themain institutions. The borderland minorities under Qing government's administration were induty to catch martens and contribute them to the central government. Borderland people justused the martens as taxes to the government. Qing government rewarded them things to winthe supports of the minorities and stipulated kinds of rewarding system in details. Furthermore,Qing government took marriage connection system to strengthen political subordinaterelationship between Qing Dynasty and the borderland people. In the conclusion of the thesis, I hold that the administration to the minorities inHeilongjiang River basin was positive and successful as a whole during the period of QingDynasty. To a certain degree, these systems upheld the national unity, promoted socialstability of the frontier and speeded the historical course of the Chinese unitary nation.