A Discussion On The Contradiction In The New Policy At The End Of The Qing Dynasty

This piece of article aims at reviewing the New Policy in the last reign of Qing Dynasty in new terms, analyzing the cause of the New Policy of the Qing Dynasty, clearing up all sorts of complicated contradiction relations in the New Policy of Oing Dynasty ,probing into the in-depth origin of the occurrence of the New Policy as well as summarizing valuable experiences and lessons from it. ONE : The origin of the New Policy The initiation of New Policy in last Qing Dynasty is the outcome of the effects on the contradictions rather than a move seized by a whim. First, it was started under the circumstances that the crisis was approaching unprecedently. At that time the crisis embodies the crisis of the nation's survival, crisis of the social development and that of the ruling of the government. Second, it happened on premise that the reform pressure became stronger, radically. In the late 19th century and the early 20th century, the pressure formed a mixed one on national level. It was the result of the impact and challenges from the foreign countries and had the element of China's emerging modernization. It came from the inner part of China's traditional society and even the differentiation among the ruling class. Besides, the New Policy was put forward in a haste under bad condition that the reform opportunities were lost again and again. All these indicate that the running of New Policy was bound to be full of difficulties and contradiction and with dark prospects. TWO: The reform in contradiction New Policy is the choice Qing Dynasty government made when facing the dilemma. In terms of the original intention of the reform, it attempted to reinforce its governing efficacy for the purpose of maintaining its ruling position by properly adjusting its old ruling organs. However, because of the localization of the class and epoch, there's a big gap between what Qing government could achieve within the reform power, scope and the reform degree ,required by the objective situation. The inherent contradiction became the insurmountable obstacle in the course of advancing the New Policy and therefore foreshadow the failure of the New Policy. First, Lagging of the reform ideas. One of the most important reasons of the failure is that the people themselves who started the New Policy don't belong to the representatives of the advanced class. That determines the lagging nature of the class attribute is certain to be in sharp contradiction to the requirement of the object---being advanced. Second, Disjointedness in the system building. New Policy is an overall social reform of the 20th century in China. As for the content, it's no doubt a recreated process of a Qing Dynasty dominated system. These formal arrangements of system seem to be effective in terms of theory. However the Qing never paid enough attention to the publicity, education and instillation for the ideology, values and morality matched with the formal system talked above. And it seals the fate of the New Policy failure in the end. Third, The confusion between authority and capability. Objective speaking New Policy is a revolution movement led by Qing towards the path of modernization of China, so its success not only demands the central government's supreme political authority, but also the excellent ability to reign for the revolutionaries. To our disappointment, the rulers then had lost its powerful political authority, therefore no longer owns the corresponding ability to reign , so the eclipse of central government's authority and the descent of the ability finally become the government inherent deficiency. THREE: Contradiction in the reform New Policy was started up to solve all those contradiction in the society. But the adverse circumstances as well as the mistakesin the subjective operation. Cause new contradiction in the process of promoting the New Policy. These contradiction grow sharper and sharper with the propelling of the New Policy, namely what we call the contradiction in the reform. It includes: 1)The contradiction between reform goals and content. To start the New Policy is to administer strong vigor to the decayed ruling. However, the details of the New Policy give the Chinese society many factors of modernization, which are certain to have great impact on the morality and political order. But the rulers then weren't able to manage or "digest"the related achievements of the policy. Therefore the goal and content of the reform become inevitable contradiction. The New Policy started by the Qing government became the act of digging their own graves. 2) The contradiction between the reform condition and requirement. As an attempt to go towards the modernization, the New Policy calls on those with a sense of modernization to accomplish consciously. But the propelling power of China regime modernization is inherently deficient and that of the folk is also weak and the rising advanced class was excluded from the regime, while the grass-roots cared for nothing about the modernization. Just because China's ability to reform was so abominable and weak, it's natural that the New Policy with so great hope by the whole nation will walk to failure in the contradiction between the poor conditions and the requirements of the epoch. 3) The impasse in the real operation. During the process, the Qing is in a dilemma. If they focus on the interests of the country, and promote the New Policy with the spirit of "the whole world as one community", it'll go against the start of the reform's original intention and is also beyond their ability, which is something they'd...