Ordu Of Mongolian Yuan Time

Mongolian Yuan time was the times which was ruled by Mongolia after Liao Dynasty and Jin Dynasty. Genghis Khan built Mongolian country in 1206. After this, the Mongolia defeated other nations and occupied almost all the northern part of China. In 1271, Kublai Khan changed the title with"Dayuan". It signed that mongol entered to the Yuan Dynasty. Through having a contest with Southern Song Dynasty , Mongol won his opponent and built a unific feudal dynasty in 1279. In 1368, Yuan Dnasty went to his destruction. This dynasty retaied many special conventions, systems and so on. The Ordu was one of them. It was connected with the Mongolia nobles and imperial family. This thesis investigates Ordu in general on the basis of predecessors'achievements and many histotical material.As Ordu is very particular, we must know its meaning and extension. Regarding of its meaning, I think its meaning is"center"by consulting historical documents and the view of learners. In Chinese, this word means"palace". From this mean I want to explain this word specifically: Ordu refers to houses which belong to the ruler of some region and live for His wives. As this article involves in the times of Mongolian country and Yuan Dnasty, Most Ordu belong to queens and imperial concubines. The emperor lives in the houses in turn. When Kublai Khan was occupied the dominant position, he already had the palace of his own, so the houses became close to his wives. As to the extension of Ordu ,it is very wide, before the Mongolian country was building, there was the title, moreover, it was seen abroad.What is it made? They are made of willow twig, bamboo, marble and brick. From this we know that some Ordu can be flexible, the other may be firm. The flexible are put into the vehicles in order to set up. The colour of them devide into white, yellow, and golden. Generally, they are white, sometimes they are also yellow. If there are important festivals and ceremonies , Ordu are goleden.It is impossible to prove the number of Ordu exactly on the basis of known historical materials.But I'm sure Ordu of Genghis Khan and Kublai Khan are carried on as before. Genghis Khan has four Ordu. Three have their regions: Ker?len, Caracouroum, Saghari Kegher Kalotay Omo. The fourth region is only taken as a caping ground. The Ordu of the second emperor of Yuan Dynasty was in Kertchagam, Ormektoua, Guxuenawuer, Ong-ki. Only two of the Couyouc's Ordu I have known: Ormektoua and Omyl. Ordu of Mengge are similar to the second emperor's. When Kublai Khan was the ruler,He had four Ordu: Cambaluc ,Chandu, Chagan Naghur and Cachar Modun.Ordu are set up in different areas. The khan would move to the fitting place owing to the change of season. Of course, their wives are also ready to leave with them.When they live in somewhere,they would set up their tents according to orders.When the second emperor is ruling, their tents stood from south to north and the first queen is in the center of them. At the ages of Mengge, the first queen'tent ia still in the center,but all tents are built from left to right, the wife of highest political position is in the west. Ordu is similar to the Sishinabo of Liao Dynasty in early times.They all move according to season, going hunting with their wives and officer, convenering meeting. But after the Kublai Khan, the area of Nabo was only the temporary place.The owners of Ordu are the emperess and imperial concubines. They live in Ordu and controll the economy of Ordu. They pay more attention to the politics and participate in political affairs. Thus they have important power and position day after day. During Mongolian Yuan time, the interferring the political affairs of the empress and imperial concubines is harder than Liao Dynasty and Jin Dynasty. When the empress and imperial concubines are dead, their houses are inherited by their doughter or other wiives of Khan. Because Genghis khan and Kublai Khan's Ordu are inherited by later generations, those who inherited the Ordu of the two men would not be the wives of them. The son of the emperor command Ordu, especially the desendents of the Kublai Khan, they leading the Ordu of Genghis Khan. Ordu have their own property. They come from rewards of every year, confiscating sb's property and putting under from other people. Moreover, they can possess property by trade. In oder to be in charge of the financial affairs, the rulers of Yuan Dynasty establish some organizations to administer Ordu. The highest organization of controlling imperial concubines is Zhongzhengyuan,under which there are Zhongruisi, Neizhengsi,Yizhengsi and so on. After emperors are dead, there also establish some organizations to run Ordu. Neishifu is the highest organization of managing Genghis Khan'Ordu. Qiexue is in charge of the defendant of the Ordu, At the same time ,they are responsible for drink and live of Ordu.At last, we will talk about the function of Ordu. The most important function is holding the Congress of Huliletai. When they hold a meeting, there would be very lively. After they give banqets many days,they begin to have a meeting, If they want to elect a new emperor ,the ceremony is very miscellaneous. The candidate politely declines first, then he accept the throne, after this, he would be assist to the throne by nobles. The nobles kowtow three times. They still kowtow to the sun. The ceremonies indicate that the Mongol attach important to the new emperor. Also we can see their nature worship,In brief, the author carries out a overall analysis about Ordu, From this thesis, we can learn about the politics, economy, culture of Mongolian Yuan time.These materials and achievements can help us study the Mongolian nationality today.