Research On Pingshe And Its Liberalism Thoughts

Pingshe was a small liberalism group, which was composed of some liberalist such as Hu Shi, Luo Longji, and others in the terminal of 1920's and 1930's early, Pingshe was effected by lots of factors in its collecting course, the inner power and merit precondition of Pingshe's construction were made up of the member's meliorism, political enthusiasm, common merit concept. Pingshe was created directly by the real politics and the vicissitude of social circumstance in 1920's to 1930's. After the founding of Pingshe, the member's elite consciousness, mild and progressive political views, unique interpersonal relationship network as well as specific social and political atmosphere, all these let them linger between the academic and politics, "consciously or unconsciously" talking over politics in a Fabian way.They held the liberal ideas to build their design about the outlet in the future of China society and express the yearning for democracy. They claim to transform Chinese society by the way of gradual improvement, moreover, to establish the ideal social order. To achieve the purpose improving society as well as not directly to challenge the validity of Kuomintang's dominion under the original order frame, they advanced the theory of"rule by experts". The theory was the product of prevailing scientism casting over the political sphere. The thoughts firstly affirmed the necessity of ruling by expert, and then indicated that it must have some feasible measures. So Pingshe scholars emphasize on the importance of institution in different aspects.They exerted the intellectual's function on criticizing. In view of that the situation for human rights were exasperating in Chinese society, they started up a bout"human rights movement". In the human rights movement, Pingshe scholars penetrated into discussing some problems such as the concept of human rights, the relationship among human rights and state and law, thoughts and liberty of speech, and so on. These discussion reflected Pingshe scholar's liberal thoughts in different profiles.Comparing with liberal thoughts taking on as a collective power in the past, Pingshe scholar knowledge to the situation of China at that time put up a deep attention to the transformation of system. This deep attention penetrated into the concrete system level, and the dimensionality of knowledge also spread out from politics to economy, culture field and so on. On the terms of approach and means of achieving the object, Pingshe scholars brought forward some concrete, gradual innovative object and steps on politics. And that, on the terms of the body about achieving object, they advocated through the "experts" to rule the country based on the professional and scientific knowledge.In the relevant aspects of the core values of liberalism, the cognition of Pingshe scholars also demonstrated its transcendence. On the concepts of constitutional politics, Pingshe scholars insight into the relationship among the constitutional politics, the rule of law and the constitution, while carrying on the rational cores of liberalism thoughts and proposed a new viewpoints different from the past. In a word, the liberalism thoughts of Pingshe scholars exceeded the construction of the liberal intellectuals in the past on a certain extent.Whereas, this transcendence still was limited. Firstly, restricted by the philosophy and social history view, they didn't really recognize the historical condition which China had at that time, accordingly made a complete and exact estimation. Secondly, because of the warp in their knowledge to the relationship between social problems in China and political pattern of the world, they underestimated the depth that the western nations controlled and interfered to the Chinese affairs. All these had affected their design about the approach and means achieving the object.There were causes why the Pingshe groups gathered and scattered hastily.Firstly, the empiristic liberalism held a regardless attitude to the meaning world behind the social order. Thus it can not fundamentally clear up meaning crisis in China. And that, lacking of the support by meaning criteria, the efforts of Pingshe scholars to seek for an order can only be a "Don Quixote-type efforts."Secondly, As the metaphysical and ontological core of the liberalism, individualism gives each person the greatest freedom and responsibility to choose their own objectives and the means to achieve, and to take corresponding actions. Therefore, the individualism expresses doubts and negative to the various manners to the authority and the control to individuals. This idea led Pingshe scholars come into diverging relatively easily, and thus affect the group's cohesion.From a practical level, the crisis of China in social order level had not closed only because the Nanjing National Government established; Pingshe scholars also did not respond to the most pressing social problems at that time and failed to grasp the key of social problems in China -- -- All moiling masses had lost the hope to any social transformation measures put forward by rulers. This reality made the efforts of Pingshe scholars can only be caught under the new "reincarnation" below the political pressure...