A Study On Notion Change In Miaojiang Of Hunan Western Community In The Eighteenth Century

Qing dynasty was the final time of our country to form a multinational country and determine the territory. And it was also an era to develop and construct the border areas highly effective. Miaojiang of Hunan western community was one of the many important frontier native regional.18 century was the revolution period of Miaojiang of Hunan western. More than 400 years of Tusi System and nearly 2000 years of came to an end in Miaojiang of Hunan western which successfully completed its transition of nationalization.In the 18th century, the changes of social notion in Miaojiang of Hunan western community had Special backgrounds. Cultural exchanges between Han and Miaojiang of Hunan western native have existed since ancient times. The exchanges, peace or conflict, caused some changes in Miaojiang of Hunan western community more or less. At the same time, Miaojiang of Hunan western community had two psychological states, resistance and identify, which are opposite. Even in the 18th century, the changes of social notion in Miaojiang of Hunan western community were still continuing, and the processes were even more significant.Based on the theory that social existence determines social consciousness, institutional change, material production, cultural conflicting and notion change is the main of this paper. In the 18th century, institutional change, as well as notion change taked place in Miaojiang of Hunan western community. Firstly, integrating and setting of county caused the change of administrative concepts. Sense of administrative belonging strengthened in Miaojiang of Hunan western community. Secondly, injection of Liuguan, social strata of lower management and new Officials leaded to the changes in the concept of social organization. Miaojiang of Hunan western community agreeed with the administrative control of the central dynasty progressively. Thirdly, the reform and development of education caused the institutionalization of education concepts. Constructing school and perfecting educational schemes, such as teacher salary, entry requirement and imperial examination ratio, made the education in Miaojiang of Hunan western community more and more popular. Fourthly, before the 18th century, peple in Miaojiang of Hunan western community only knew customary law. All the matters, big or small, were handled by customary law. But in the 18th century, the central dynasty also had Miaojiang law that Miaojiang should obey. The way that two kinds of law were effective simultaneously make Miaojiang know more about the law. And legal concepts gradually standardized.Fifthly, before the 18th century, concept of social insurance was weak. All the insurance was supplied by family and clan. That is to say, this kind of insurance was kept by consanguinity. But in the 18th century, the nunber of social insurance institutions Increased, such as morality-store, Changping-srore, orphanage and YangJi-hospital. And civil servant also getted safeguard. In this case, a new kind of social insurance was established, which is kept by geography. The concept of social insurance in Miaojiang of Hunan western community enhanced further.The development of Miaojiang of Hunan western community in the 18th century caused its growth of economy. First, production developed greatly. Agricultural reclamation, dredging river and the entering of guest-civil brought in lots of advanced tillage methods and new crops. With a great development of household sideline and handicraft industry, the population had a mushroom growth.. Accordingly, production concept improved. People in Miaojiang of Hunan western community paid more attention to techniques of manufacture, as well as the position of household sideline and handicraft industry in the manufacture. Second, the taxes and corvee of central dynasty was fixed. The tax policy was standardized and unified. All of these refreshened the notion of taxes and corvee in Miaojiang of Hunan western community. Finally, along with the growth of economy, central dynasty permitted normal trading between Miao and Han native and set bazar at some place, such as Miao-Han mixed community and boundary region. Merchandise trade developed and idea of trading changed in Miaojiang of Hunan western community.In the 18th century, armed subjugation and "GAITU GUILIU" were the policies which were implementted to Miaojiang of Hunan western community by central dynasty. Han culture went into Miaojiang community which was relative isolation, and then collided with Miao culture. This kind of culture collision brought in lots of changes in the concept of marriage, religion and ethic. Intermarry between Miao and Han was licenced. Concept of marriage, which was under durance of feudal Confucianism, went into Miaojiang of Hunan western community. And the original marriage concept which was open and free got into etiquette gradually. At the same time, the central dynasty made Miaojiang know ritual philosophy and rite through education. Along with the strengthening of thought of piety, rite and virtue, ethical idea in Miaojiang of Hunan western community became feudatorial gradually. In addition, in order to maintain domination, the central dynasty carried out a number of measures to encourage and prohibit Miaojiang's religion.On the one hand, pricking bovine and sacrificing to the goddess were strictly prohibited. On the other hand, faith of BaiDi-Tianwang was strengthened. And alien religions, brought by displaced persons from outside, collision and fusion with native religion. These caused religions idea in Miaojiang of Hunan western community to be more and more pluralistic.Social existence determines social consciousness and social consciousness react up on social existence. In the 18th century, changes on social notion took place in Miaojiang of Hunan western community and they also generated a certain impact on social consciousness. First of all, changes on system concept consolidated the implementation of the political system in Miaojiang. The strengthening of administrative concepts promoted the implementation of Tingxian-integration and Liuguan institution. Institutionalization of education concepts promoted the development of education in Miaojiang. Specification of legal concepts guaranteed the accomplishment of legal System.The strengthening of concept of social insurance promoted the launching of the social insurance system. Secondly, progress of production concept, update of taxes-corvee-idea and development of the trade concept promoted the growth of economy in Miaojiang. Finally, notion of intermarry promoted the cultural exchange and the strengthening of ethical idea consolidated the rule of feudal autocracy. Preligions idea caused cultural fusion between Miao and Han native. In reverse, changes in concept influenced institution, economy and culture.But we can't overrate the degree of notion change in Miaojiang of Hunan western community in the 18th century. As a kind of ideology, the concept can't reach its aim in one move, neither in one single day. So the notion change in Miaojiang of Hunan western community was a tardigrade gradual process. However, the notion change in Miaojiang of Hunan western community was an important motivity and internal mechanism. The study of notion change in Miaojiang of Hunan western community in the 18th century can contribute to understand its historical progress. Even more, it can offer reference to today's national work..