On The Political Party Thoughts Of M·Ostrogorski

Ostrogorski is a great political theoretician, the political party theory pathfinder, one realistic person, who has great ideal. As one theoretician who is eager for democracy, he criticized the disadvantages of the political party, and he proposed that realizing the democracy by supporting the voters alliance, in order to change the present situation controlled by the political party. The representative works of Ostrogorski Democracy and Organizations of Political Parties wrote in 1902. At that time, the capitalist economy developed fast under the second technological revolution, people's life had the earth-shaking change in the widely use of the electric power and the internal combustion engines. The rapid development of the productivity, caused the relations of the capitalist countries continually readjusted, the non-monopoly capitalism changed into the monopoly capitalism stage. At the same time, the political party was growing strongly, the party member population was increased, and the party organization was inflated. In Ostrogorski's opinions, the party organization can concentrate the power, when the party organization has controlled the candidate's nomination, it also has controlled half political power. When party organization's agents enter to the government, the parliament and the Judicial department, the political party has also completed to the authority control.European immigrants in civil society had developed feelings of self-government and freedom of association rooted tradition that they established non-governmental organizations and many social clubs, Before the outbreak of the War of Independence, son of the freedom and Communications Commission is one of the representatives. In various types of clubs, Caucus Club is the most can not be ignored. Caucus club in accordance with its literal meaning in English, that is the core of caucus meetings, secret meetings, Caucus is a prominent feature of the club members of the elite and secret. Caucus made the decision even though the club has no legal authority, but the community has given Caucus in fact recognized even greater authority. From the club's inception to the formation of political parties, which have shown a strong desire for power, it had a major impact on congressional elections and local elections. In addition people may often ignore the theoretical contributions of the party system of democracy of Ostrogorski, political parties to win votes in power and start campaigning, effective in maintaining the orderly functioning of political parties.Party politics in the United States, political machine is absolutely not inconsiderable. it maneuver in political parties, between the voters and the bureaucracy, the political machine and its leaders, national political system gradually became the core of power arrangements. The supreme authority and the desire for power inevitably brought to extreme corruption, continue to corrosion and against the country's executive, legislative and judicial bodies, the rest of democratic politics is only illusory. Ostrogorski therefore urged to overthrow the ruling of political machine, and even the ruling party, so he shouted "Down with the political parties, to foster the Union", he hopes this can achieve true democracy.There are four parts of this paper as follows:The first part is to introduce the background of how Ostrogorski's political parties thoughts formed. At first Ostrogorski's life and major works will be introduced. Then it will further introduce the historical background and theoretical background of Ostrogorski's political parties thoughts. Because Ostrogorski is a Russian, so he can not get as much attention as Weber and Michels in Western academia. He lived in the age of Czar Alexander II reforms which is the second industrial revolution in full swing era. The theory of liberalism and democracy had a profound impact on Ostrogorski.The second part describes the operation of the political parties. He first gave detailed description of the organization which is the cradle of American political parties, the caucus. He found that when political parties have had from the manipulation of elections, the drawbacks of centralized power. With the development of party organization, in order to obtain energy to power the main political parties on the elections, with the continuous development of political parties, which need for more advocacy tool to attract voters, political parties should bear the main Responsibility.The third part is to analyze the machine of political parties. Machine is the core of the political parties with incomparable power. But the machine and the leaders should be responsible for the corruption of political. Since the political parties caused corruption and destruction, then it should be limited by the reformation. Civil service reform is a useful attempt, but in the hearts of Ostrogorski, replaced with political parties, electoral alliances are the way to the final solution. The fourth part is to analyze the limitations of the thoughts of Ostrogorski's political parties. He derived from careful analysis, and an organization no matter what kind of purpose for the establishment, but as it develops, it will ultimately fall. He suggested that alliances with the voters instead of party, but he did not point out how the coalition will not embark on the development of the old political parties. His suggestion is encouraging and exciting, but can not be achieved.