Politics Of Ruling-by-people And Administration Of Ruling-for-people

Since the latter of 20th century, the administrating reformation flourishing all over the world, from the economical scale to political one, from technological point to institutional one, which implies a common inclination among the debates of various doctrines——more and more emphasis are played on organizational culture. Cultural factors associated with social relations involve in not only meeting individuals'demands for feelings but also promoting harmonious relations on the whole, aiming at correcting the shortcomings of traditional technologically-administrating which overemphasizes the ways of material and technology. According to the different status and functions of individual's subjective thought in political lives, political cultures can be divided into two models i.e. cultural politics and institutional one, which are characterized by Chinese and Western political culture. Confined at the restrictions of religious culture and mathematical approaches, the effect of Western administration theory in introducing cultural factors got little success. Focusing on the problem the text analyzes the characters and advantages-and-disadvantages between Chinese cultural politics and Western institutional one from the viewpoint of their political cultures. Based on the analyses of the relations between politics and administration the text demonstrates the distinctions and association between the two values of ruling-by-people and ruling-for-people.Moral politics based on the Confusion theory is the groundwork of Chinese cultural politics. The governing theories of flourish-and-richness-and-education commenced by Kongzi go though its each component. So-called flourish is to foster people, involving the passive ways of freeing people as well as the positive ways of benefiting people's benefits and clearing people's tribulation. So-called richness is to rich people, which indicates the ways of promoting people's interest, i.e. modern administrational theory's leading the reasonable setting of public resources by means of public management in order to the effect of government's economics as well as people's hardness, which also indicates the results of preserving wealth in people as well as the common interests of nation and people i.e. modern economics'theory of people's richness is before nation's wealth and tax-foundation's abundance is before tax-income's richness. So-called education is to reform people , that is to lead people's thought, purify customs, regular people's behaviors, coordinate social relations though morality education, fashion construction and leaders'exemplification. This is the highest level of cultural politics, which is to realize the harmonious governing effect of the social richness without luxuriousness, poverty without illegalness, comfort without laziness, competition without turbulence so as to avoid the maladjusted social fashion of corruptness and luxuriousness as well as the subsequently other social problems resulted from overemphasizing competition and development.By contrast, the theoretical base of Western institutional politics is the Theory of Evil Nature, i.e. the Assumption of Rationality in the religious culture. The Rationality assumes people to have the nature of evilly competing for benefits, which draws the conclusion of absolute corruption leaded to by absolute power, so it is necessary to restrict power by power. This thought has two main advantages in conception of governing,: the one is the mechanism of marketing economy derived from competing conception, the other is the system of decentralization and constraint. The former resulted in the economical development, and the latter prevented the monopoly, which is the reason for speed development of industrial nations in modern West, and for the example functions to most countries throughout the world. A coin always has two surfaces, however, at the same time of the impersonality being overemphasized the consequent negatives have been damaging Western society. Along with the development of institution and economy, its theoretical base of denying ethics and morality as well as its governing ways of ignoring cultural education have been giving rise to and strengthening such social problems as personality, mammon and exploitation and so on. As a result, the ways of correcting the institutional political disadvantages through introducing cultural political accommodation, compensating for the cultural political shortcomings through using institutional political preciseness, can become a new viewpoint for the study of administration, which is the major of the text.The association and complementation of institutional politics and cultural one are not only adding them, or associating them literally. The reason lies in that each advantages and disadvantages characterizing its essential contain contradiction and opposition, which leads to the necessity of inheritance-and-innovation, preservation-and-rejection. Having its own special nationality, each nation must pay attention to two factors in deciding the standards for contrasting and choosing the two governing models. The one is to contrast the advantages and disadvantages of them from the theoretical level so as to choose the better conception. The other is to decide the governing model cohere with own nationality so as to choose the more practical project.The thought of this text to demonstrate is to draw conclusions by means of contrasting two phases. For one thing the text formulates the developing course of politics and administration in China and West respectively from the point of culture's forming national mentality, demonstrating and contrasting each developing trend and event, i.e. contrast between religious culture and human culture, combination of politics and religion and co-construction of family and nation, institution by-people and institution for-people. The conclusions drawn by above demonstration are followed: the advantages of Western model are democracy and power-constraint, whereas Chinese advantages lie in ruling-for-people and moral education, the association of them should become necessary. On the other hand, the text introduces and contrasts the different opinions of Chinese and Western governing theories on the terms of the implications, functions and relations of politics and administration, analyzing further the relations between them from a new viewpoint of power's nature. The conclusions lie in: politics belongs to a kind of monitoring action which is used to prescribe the origin of public power, whereas administration belongs to a kind of managing action which is used to prescribe the use of public power. According to this, politics'value should be ruling-by-people, whereas administration should be ruling-for-people. The organic association of them to form a complete power circle is the theoretical guidance and practical ground for the fusion of politics and administration as well as ruling-by-people and ruling-for-people. The associated joint of politics of ruling-by-people and administration of ruling-for-people lies in the common ethical ground each of them contains that public power should be originated from and used for people, which is also the practical association of Chinese and Western political culture. The theory above mentioned has not only a degree of theoretical value for study, but also a degree of practical senses for our administrative innovation.The text is comprised of five parts. Firstly, by means of contrasting the development of Chinese and Western political thought, the text demonstrates the basic function of culture for politics, analyses the main reasons for distinctions between Chinese and Western political thought, contrasts the characters of religious culture and human one as well as consequently the model of combination of politics and religion and one of co-construction of family and nation, demonstrating the relations between religious culture and politics of ruling-by-people. Secondly, by means of contrasting the development of Chinese and Western administrative thought, the text demonstrates the opinion that the distinctions between them are originated from different assumption of human-nature, analyses the advantages and disadvantages of such Western opinions as Departure of Politics and Administration as well as Management, puts forward the opinion that administration has both the nature of politics and management, demonstrating further the relations between kind-nature and administration of ruling-for-people. Thirdly, by means of explaining the relations between politics and administration, the text puts different opinions from China and West respectively, analyzing their relation from the view of power's nature, demonstrating their roles in values of ruling-by-people and ruling-for-people, the association of which is exactly the key to fusion of the two governing models. Fourthly, by means of introducing the theoretical achievements practically from the administrative reform in our country, the text demonstrates the functions of administration of ruling-for-people for realizing politics of ruling-by-people, as well as the senses of administrative ethics for realizing administration of ruling-for-people.