Influence Of European Changing Situation In 1936-1939 Upon The Middle East

After the First World War, except Turkey, Iran and Afghanistan which got rid of the control the Western powers through the nationalist movement one after another, the majority of the Middle East Arab countries was brought into their colonial system by Britain and France. In the 1930s, on the whole ,the political map of the Middle East may divided into three political regions: North politics region, Fertile Crescent politics region and Arabia politics region. North politics region included Turkey, Iran and Afghanistan(three Middle East non-Arab nation-states). Britain had the important influence on the northern region, especially in Iran and Afghanistan. The Fertile Crescent Areas consist of Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Transjordan and Palestine, which were dominated directly by Britain and France. Egypt was protectorate of Britain. Arabia political region refers to some undeveloped countries of the Arabian Peninsula on politics, in which Saudi Arabia and Yemen were the independent countries, but lay in England's sphere of influence. The courtries round Persian Gulf (for instance, Kuwait and Aman) were protectorate of Britain too.On the eve of the Second World War, Germany to the Balkan local country, Italy to Mediterranean Sea, Eastern Africa and the Northern Africa area, they adopted a series of political and military action in order to control these areas and make the strategic preparation for the coming war. After the German and Italy's management, Bulgaria became Germany's vassal; Yugoslavia, Romania had friendly tendency to Germany; Greece was the neutral "unreliable" country; Albania was occupied by Italy; moreover, Italy established strategic advantages by annexing Ethiopia and adopting serial military action in Mediterranean. At the same time, it coveted Arabia region. The German Nazi and the Italy fascist infiltrated some courtries of Middle East. The Nazi Anti-Jews and Political persecution led to immigrant into Palestine, which caused the contradiction between Jews and Arabs and affected the stability of this area. In order to maintain the control to the Palestine, Britain took the measure of winning over Arab. It achieved the balance between Arabs and Jews and finally guaranteed that Palestine would become the partner of England in the coming war. Though Britain carried out Appeasement policy to Italy's expansion in Mediterranean, it adjust its policy of Middle East. In addition, sacrificing Syria's sovereignty, Britain and France forced it give Alexandretta to Turkey in order to receive Turkey's support in the future war. Britain instigates France positively during the process, there were contradiction between England and France, while there were collusion and compromises.Facing with the threat of war, the countries in the Middle East had different diplomatic reaction. Most of Turkey leaders inclined to Britain and France, but a few chose Germany as Turkey's partner. Iran and Afghanistan took "the third country policy" as their principle, appearing emotion inclining to Germany in different extent. Arab countries doubted whether Britain and France could keep their domination on the Middle East. The nationalism against Britain and france emerge on the countries of Fertile Crescent Areas. The struggle for independence of Syria was failed in the end. The France reinstate direct colonialism domination in Syria. There was a military coup in Iraq, which trend to Germany. In the 1930s, Although anti-British struggle of all sectors of the community continued in Transjordan, British maintain strong dominance because Abdullah seeks to strengthen the relationship between the British Government and Transjordan. The Palestinian big revolt forced Britain to adjust its Palestinian policy, From "support the Jews while suppress the Arabs" to "limit the Jews while win over the Arabs". In order to seek self-preservation, Egypt had to sign "The treaty about alliance of British and Egypt" with Britain, and receive Britannic "the protection". Britain maintain it's rule and interest by the help of the Saudi Arab on Arabian region, but these countries incline Germany in certain extent under the influence of the Germany and Italy.In the whole, the changing of European situation promoted Britain and France to enforce the control to the Middle East colony. At the same time, it let countries of the Middle East to take different diplomatic policy and aggravated the contradiction among these countries. And the countries of the Middle East were involved in disorder because of war crisis.