On The Evolution And Its Characteristics Of Marx's View On Freedom

It can be made a clarification for the historical development and characteristics of ideological evolution of Marx's view on freedom by giving a simple collation to the evolution of his freedom view which I have tried to do in this thesis. At the same time, a summary of brief analysis was also made on the theoretical contribution and realistic studying significances about Marx's view on freedom.The formation of Marx's view on freedom take the representative works as the symbol, like "German Law Yearbook", "in 1844 Economic - Philosophy Draft manuscript", "Germany Ideology", "the Economic Draft manuscript(1857-1858)", "Das Capital" and so on, which has experienced four development phases approximately. The period of "Doctoral dissertation" and "German Law Yearbook" is the Marx free view's formation time. Marx showed up the limitation of bourgeois country and law to the political freedom. He had also discovered proletariat's significant historical mission which directly resorts to "Human emancipation" of the freedom's ultimate accomplishment. Marx's conception of history experienced the revolutionary transformation during the period from "in 1844 Economic Philosophy Draft manuscript" to "Sacred Family". Namely, he interpreted the real motion of historical development is none other than labor from the research of economics. In time of "About Feuerbach's Compendium" and "Germany Ideology", Marx radically sublated all the old philosophies in a sense of Weltanschauung and created materialist conception of history. Meanwhile, Marx's view on freedom also obtained scientific elaboration, which marked the basic mature of it. In time of "Economic Draft manuscript (1857-1858)" and "Das Capital", Marx put a termination to the static planar research and entered into the dynamic holistic research. Within this period, he realized the sphere of material production is a "realm of necessity" throughout and put forth effort to investigate the philosophical state of human's culminating ideal that exhibited in pursuit of subject's cognition and practical activity, and which is a freedom of survival condition instead of freedom restricted to the limited political life. At this point, Marx regarded art activity as human's free life style. He pointed out the realization of freedom only exist in the art activity, that is the developed conception of freedom inherited from the aesthetic liberation theories of Kant and Schiller et al. Difference between Marx and his senior is the viewpoint that the premise of freedom's realization must be historical development of productive practice. In his ultimate theory of the "realm of freedom", the building-up freedom time linked up productive practice and aesthetic activity, that is to say, which connected realm of necessity and realm of freedom. This way of argumentation greatly suggested Marx's reality sense and historical sense which was different from his senior. The exploration to way of freedom's realization went through all Marx's theoretical activities. It means that human being's free and overall development is the starting point as well as the final goal in Marx's theoretical activities. In his late years, Marx grasped the more scientific, general, profound understanding on freedom and held the past achievements in freedom thought discarding the defects within them. In this foundation, Marx set up his new materialistic doctrine on freedom.Marx's theoretical perspective of Historical Materialism and Theory of Surplus Value lies in human society's way from realm of necessity to realm of freedom. Discoursing on freedom went through the formation and development of Marx's philosophy and political economy. Before him, "freedom" was one of the topics of ideologists, but they did not argue it in a social ontological sense which based on productive practice. This is the particular breakthrough point of Marx's freedom thought. Fundamentally, in other words, Marx's philosophy is practical philosophy which based on the principle of human being's emancipation and freedom. In his opinion, ultimate meaning of freedom is the cumulative development of social economy traditionally. What is more important, it calls for human progress and liberation. Marx's view on freedom broke away from the restriction of traditional paradigm that preexistent ally put freedom into the binary opposition between Freedom and Necessity. Thereby, it prevented from the inextricable dilemma in interpreting human freedom as the necessity of human which outside it. As a result, Marx's view on freedom is Social Ontology based on productive practice rather than Scientific Epistemology. In Marx's opinion, human freedom is first and foremost not a question that whether or not man can recognize and grasp the order of nature but the question about the high development of productive force and the improvement of social relationship. Thus, it provided us another mode of thinking upon understanding freedom.All the papers contain four parts and introduce the method which combines history and narration with comments and demonstration. The first part deals with the theoretical source of Marx's view on freedom, the relations from traditional freedom theories and Marx's particular understanding on the philosophical meanings of freedom. The next two parts are the main parts of the thesis which take the time of Marx's Academic career from origination to finality as meridian and regard his thought of "Human emancipation" as latitude, one by one perspective and stratified analyses on his freedom thought have been made which presented from every important writings in the defined coordinate system, in order to clarify the internal logical link. The main content includes the historical development of Marx's viewpoint in freedom and the revolutionary change on Marx's conception of freedom and so forth. Among them, the second part and the former portion of the third part discuss Marx's conception of freedom in his young and prime periods. The latter portion of the third part analyzes Marx's view on freedom in his middle-aged and eldly periods. It is impossible to reach every aspects of his view on freedom in this paper due to space limitations, and there are many questions to discuss besides the effort to make the focal points stand out. The fourth part belongs to conclusion that briefly analyzes the internal logic, characteristics of ideological evolution and the contemporary studying significances of Marx's view on freedom.