The Degree Of Satisfaction Of Employment Of Urban Women During The Transformation Of Chinese Economic Structure

The aging of population is a product brought about with the development of human society , it not only reflected the advancement of human society ,but also influence every aspect such as politics, economics, culture and social life extensively and penetratingly. Providing for the aged is the most direct problem brought about to the society . This paper first of all investigated the present condition and developing trend of the aging of population in western countries, then it expounded the model of endowment insurance policy in western countries, in addition to this, it emphatically analyzed the problems facing endowment insurance in western countries and reforming trend . Finally , it raised the enlightenment to our country by judging endowment -insurance in western countries .I .Basic theory of population agingPopulation aging is the inevitable process through the economic development of society . It refers to the social development process of the rising proportion of aged people among total population and the old trend of certain country or a certain area.Judging from the history of world population growth , the variation of age-structure at any time was directly dependent on the variation of birth-rate and death-rate .When there is a upward trend in birth-rate , the total amount of population expanded , proportion teenagers raised , while that of the aged declined , the age structure tend to become younger on the other side , it tend to become aged . That is to say , the reason for aging is that the continuous decline of birth-rate and death-rate as well as the prolonging of average age .While the decline of birth-rate and death-rate and the prolonging of anticipated age are the inevitable out come of social productive force development . We can say that population change is the main driving force of population aging.II .The present condition and developing trend of western population agingSince France stepped into aging country in 1850 , a number of capitalist countries such as Sweden , Norwegian , Britain , Germany and America have come one after the other . As shown by data , the number of aged above 65 in western countries only amounts to 7.9% of the total population is 1950 , 9.9% in 1970 , 11.7% in 1980 ,12.5 in 1990 while 14.1% in 2000 . According to prediction , by 2020 there will be one old people above 65 out of 5 1/2 people in western countries . By 2040 ,the proportion of old people will reach peak , it is thus clear that the situation of aging in western countries is rather stern .Population aging in western countries has direct and indirect influence to social endowment insurance. On one hand , population aging has made the proportion of endowment-insurance in social insurance fare raise rapidly , the unceasing raise of paying standard of endowment -insurance and the uninterrupted growth have formed the predicament of income falling short of social insurance fare expenditure . On the other hand , population age has made laboring age population relatively decreased the number of employment population and endowment-based population approached . Thus , the available labor population that go in for economic activity should meet the deeds of more aged in economical and medical aspect , which is surely to affect the speed of accumulation and economic development affect the consumption standard of employed people . This can discourage the labor population andtrifle the vigour of economic growth .III. Analysis of endowment-insurance policy modeEndowment-insurance institution is a social insurance institution established according to certain law and rule to solve the basic life standard because labourers have reach the limit of removing labor obligation age prescribed by government or retired from labor post due to the lose of labor force caused by age .At present, the current endowment-insurance mode has two major types . One is the self-insurance , government-aid endowment-insurance mode in Germany , America , Italy , Holland ,Austria and Japan . The other is state-welfare endowment-insurance mode in Britain , Sweden , Norway , Denmark , Canada and Australia . Western endowment insurance institution has the features of early-established . Widely -covered , multi-structure , multi-form and high take-over rate.However, because of the increasing seriousness of population aging and the slow-down of economic growth ,western endowment-insurance institution has some problems : High-welfare policy made financial burden heavier ; High-welfare policy seriously influenced the productive initiative and recessed economic competitive force ; dossal social insurance organization in western countries can manage to stably operate social insurance institution with effort, hence it brought about the problems such as over-staffed organization , low-efficiency . To solve these problems western countries performed reformation in succession , the tendency is to raise legal retirement age and reduce the retirement disparity between men and women ; reduce granting standard of endowment ; raise pay amount and pay base ; develop andreplenish endowment insurance ; expand the intervention of private-owned department.IV. The Inspiration of western endowment-insurance institution to our countryOur current endowment-insurance institution is based on the principle of combining planning as a whole with individual accountant , its structure can be described as follows : multi-structure insurance mode , multi-channel fund-resource , the combination of social plan as a whole with individual account. It is a basic endowment-insurance institution established on the basis of: decide issued by the state council in 1997 .The problem of current endowment-insurance institution are : therelatively narrow of endowment-insurance coverage difficulty in collecting endowment fund ; arrears of endowment fund ; the existence of invisible debt in endowment-insurance institution ; difficulty in inflation -proof and increment of social endowment-insurance ; abnormal of national endowment fund management ; low-level of social literary level of endowment-insurance management ; soundness of endowment -insurance legal system . In country , the problem are in country endowment-insurance , low-level of insurance , in perfect of fund management lack of policy support the concept lagged behind of peasants' participation in social endowment-insurance.The inspirations brought about by western endowment-institution to our country are a follows : first is to cover the whole society with endowment-insurance institution gradually ; second is to levy social insurance tax and make it as the main channel of social insurance fund ; third is to realize the inflation-proof and increment of endowment -insurance fund;...