Exclusion Of Institution And The Space Of Living

Liaoning Fushun as an old industrial city which is popular because of its coal resources, is the national important energy and the raw material base nationwide. In recent years, Fushun's coal industry experienced a series of vicissitude, such as the dry-up of resources, the industry continuity and shift, the system conversion and the property right transformation.The city's economical development and the social foundation experienced many changes while many new problems occur. In August, 2005, the component members of the task group take "the resources urban economy development the social foundation of the development of the resources type urban economy " as a subject, goes down to Fushun's enterprises and communities, with the forms of visits, discussion, questionnaire, as well as the detailed interview, we carried on the investigation. This article is the research carried on based on 256 questionnaires.Fushun's minorities, with the laid-off workers as the principle part, display the high homogeneity and the constitutive characteristic. They are"the minorities in the reform of our society". This community's employment problem, security problem, survival problem have always been the focus of the academic field and the government. The brand-new concept of exclusive society, compared with the former study frames, has brought this community into the social structure point of view. The exclusive society refers to certain social groups are repelled to the edges of our society because of the lack of certain rights. The focus of this article is: What's the root of the exclusive society of the laid-off workers? And also some corresponding proposals are put forward.In the research we summarized the following characteristics of the laid-off workers in Fushun: (1) There vicissitude of resources and institution is the main system factor that creates the unemployment phenomenon; (2) As the human capital and the social capital of the unemployed are unable to adapt to the demand of labor force market that they comes off sentry, thus the problem of re-employment occupies the bottleneck; (3) the unstable condition of re-employment and the urban dweller's lowest social security become the main source of income; (4) their resources in the social life and political life aspects are extremely limited, they are not only a economically impoverished community, but also a politically impoverished community that there's a lack of power and rights; (5) this community's economical condition paces between absolutely and relatively property back and forth, the high expense of children education and medical care are sufficient to get them into absolute property from relative property. Under the integrated operation of labor force market system, the social security system, and the public policy-making participation system, the unemployed gradually degenerate into the minorities of our society. What's the logic behind this phenomenon?Institution. It is the institution that causes the exclusion of the unemployed in our society. The institution is a rule that created by people. They are suppressing the free behavior and the opportunism of behavior which may possibly appear in communication. The insititution is held by a community altogether, and always depends upon some kind of penalty to be implemented. The insititution without penalty is useless. Only by the utilization of penalty, that we may foresee the individual behavior. In this article, insititution refers to the external insititution that creates the exclusion of the minorities in the society, in particular the commonality policy concerned with the interests of the minorities. What related most closely with the interests of the unemployed community is the ones that mentioned above: The labor force market system, working and social insurance system, and the public policy-making participation system.These systems as well as these the mutual function of these systems cause the exclusion of the unemployed by the society. The author calls the exclusion by our society which resulted from the insititution " Exclusion of institution ", the concrete limits are: The exclusive insititution is the core of the society repels, the exclusion of institution refers to the behavioral rules such as the laws and regulations, policy, discipline, custom, habits, cultural cast of mind, and also the pressures, exclusion, and the deprivation of certain rights in the process of rules formulation, execution, feedback, and participation.How does the exclusion of institution come into being? First, the exclusion of institution was created during the insititution reforming process, because during that period the rules couldn't correspond to each other very well. The staff's coming off sentry, in the perspective of security, is a conversion from the working security to social security. In the investigation we discovered that on the one hand it is the withdrawal of the working security, and on the other hand the social security system is far from perfect. The failure of the two security systems making a joint leads to the social exclusion of the laid-off workers; second, the exclusion of institution is caused by self-enclosed insititution operation. The insititution seal mainly has two ways: mightiness repels and contract repel. These two repels created the repulsion state of the laid-off workers in Fushun; third, in the accommodation of insititution implementation, the exclusion of institution came into being. Accommodating is not one completely official insititution operation, nor one completely unofficial insititution operation, but one official operation lies between the too. To be more exact, accommodating is in fact a kind of official organizational operation which carries on according to unofficial procedure. In this article, the executors of accommodation are the government and the related departments. The subtlest part of accommodation is its obscure ness compared to the original insititution. Looked from the surface, the principle it follows is consistent with the original goal, however, the outcome after accommodating is different and even contradicts with the original system goal; Fourth, in the community policy formulation and decision-making process, the deficiency of public participation create the exclusion of institution. The public participation refers to individuals or social organization outside the government participates directly through a series of official and unofficial ways. The public participation is the democratic inevitable request of decision-making process. The current social benefits disperse and the demands are various, the policy-making institution is difficult to make decisions that conform to the public widespread demand through the limited knowledge and ability. Its representative insufficiency in the nature of representative ness is the source of the lack of validity and ration. But the public participation can solve such problem well. The deficiency in public participation at the beginning of policy formulation created the exclusion at the start point.According to the preceding analysis, the author has put forward the following suggestions:First, importance should be attached to the justice of the regulation, the regulation justice including following principles: (1)Equality of basic rights and duties.(2)Equality is concerned as a principle of undertaking responsibilities and risks.(3)the equality principle of benefit distribution.(4)the equality of redistribution. Besides, the just regulations are the guarantees of the principle justice.Second, the social security and social succor mechanisms are required to establish. Namely, to build a security system that is community-originated, aimed at helping the poor, solving the difficulties, securing the job and getting out of poverty.Third, activation and development of the benefit expression mechanism should be paid more attention. The harmonious society's idea is double wins instead of through the sacrifices of one side to improve the interests of the other. The harmonious society certainly does not mean average, but the society that does not pay attention to the weak surely is unstable. The benefit expression mechanism is the safety valve of one unimpeded is society. As to Fushun, the unused channel for expression needs to be activated. We need to take the community as the carrier, establishes the unimpeded benefit-demand mechanism. The establishment of "the community conversation"may contribute to the settlement of the problems.The benign social government needs to consider the benefit of the majority, such as how to deal with the latent disaffection to the society, even prepare unimpeded channels for the community's possible abreaction. The harmonious society is not one without benefit conflicts, but one that can tolerate the conflicts and solve them in institutional ways, and one maximize people's benefits by solving the conflicts and problems.