"V Up" And Related Formats

"V shanglai" is a verb-complement structure which is made up of a verb "V" and double syllable directional verb "shanglai".The structure "V shanglai" has certain limits on the V. According to whether the verbs which combined with "shanglai" have displacement or not, V can be divided into the displaced verbs and the not-displaced verbs. Among them, the displaced verbs can be divided into directional displaced verbs(A)and non-directional displaced verbs (B) according to whether the displaced direction has specific direction or not. The non-displaced verbs are divided into speech class (C) and cohesive class (D) based on different semantic features. The V in class A has the semantic features of [+upward].These verbs’ movement trend of the righteous is only "up"; The V in class B has the semantic features of [+non-directional]. This kind of verb’s displaced direction is uncertain or not unique. The verbs in class A and class B can enter "xiangshang V" trended test framework. The V in class C with has the semantic features of [-displacement] [+speech], which expresses being connected with or attached to the whole thing. The verbs in class C、D all can enter "V de/bushanglai" trended test framework. Tendency verbs "shanglai" has three kinds of semantic type, tendency of righteousness, the results of righteousness and the state of righteousness. There are continuities among three kinds of semantic type on the cognitive, mainly through metaphor to complete the continuum map of "tendency of righteousness-the results of righteousness-the state of righteousness." The premise of transition is semantic iconicity. In addition, the verb-complement structure "V shanglai" involves the problem of reference point. Transitional context generally appears origin point, deformation trace and destination. At this moment, "shanglai" often shows righteousness. Tendency verb "shanglai" serves as a complement, it makes the structure "V shanglai" has the bounded character, that is to say, the use of "shanglai " makes the V from unbounded to bounded.The "V shanglai" structure has been divided into two types in this paper, the "V shanglai+NP" and the "NP+V shanglai", which depends on whether it can take an object or not. The usages of these two types are closely related to "V", "shanglai" and "NP". The "V shanglai" structure can be free to take an object or not when it expresses the directional meaning or result meaning and the agent and the object are not fixed nominal properties. However, when it expresses the state meaning and the agent and the object are fixed nominal properties, this structure cannot take an object. And without these restrictions, an object can be taken by the "V shanglai" structure or it can be omitted. The main syntactic function of the "V shanglai" structure is to be used as predicate or the center of predicate. Before the "V shanglai" structure, there are always some modifiers, such as adverbs, prepositional phrases, modal verbs, adjectives and it can also be followed by the predicate phrases to explain the purpose of the action, which makes the two parts into a linkage structure. The "V shanglai" structure can also be used with the structural auxiliary word "de", which serves as the complement, and always be followed by causative components.There is a close relationship between the "V shanglai" structure, and the "V shang+NP+lai" structure, and the "V+’de/bu’+shanglai" structure. The "V" in the two structures of the "V shanglai" and the "V shang+NP+lai" is always displacement verbs that have active meanings or causative meanings. When the "shanglai" in these two structures means direction and the action is done by the agent on his own initiative, or means direction or result and the action is received by the object passively, these two structures are interchangeable. The "V" in the two structures of the "V shanglai" and the "V+NP+ shanglai" is always speech act verbs or causative verbs, and when the "shanglai"in these two structures means direction, they can be changed with each other freely. The "shanglai" in these two structures of the "V shanglai" and the "V+’de/bu’+shanglai" always means result, which indicates the possibility and ability to complete an action. The "V+’de/bu’+shanglai" structure is always associated with the "V shanglai" structure, but the former is marked and the latter is unmarked. The asymmetry between these two structures is due to some semantic and prosodic reasons, which will be discussed in this paper.