Soil Reform And The Chieftain 's Society In

Kai-t’u Kuei-liu is one important reform in Southwest Region(in this thesis, this region consists of Kwangsi, Kweichow, Yunnan, Szecchwan) in Ming and Ch’ing Periods. The main aim of writing this thesis is to study the effect of Kai-t’u Kuei-liu in Kwangsi in Ch’ing period. This thesis consists of five chapters.The first chapter is to discuss the process of Kai-t’u Kuei-liu in Kwangsi in Ch’ing period and the changes of political power. The process of Kai-t’u Kuei-liu showed a tactic that the central government brought further the original T’u-ssu area into the centralized power. Through Kai-t’u Kuei-liu, Ch’ing government abolished a lot of tribemens, then, the central government appointed Han nationality’s officers. In order to control these regions directly, also, the central government adjusted the administrative divisions. In order to control T’u-ssu, the central government appointed Han nationality’s officers to supervise and assist T’u-ssu.Also, the central government carried out judiciary power, strengthen reward and examine, carried out Silver Honesty System in T’u-ssu area, through these tactics, central government brought further the original T’u-ssu area into the centralized power, created conditions for further reform.The second chapter is to discuss the tax system and its reform in T’u-ssu area in Kwangsi. T’u-ssu had political power and financial power, they occupied qualities of land and. Also, the tax system in T’u-ssu area was complicated. T’u-ssu area is one part of the imperial, it is obligation for T’u-ssu to contribute tax to central government. In the process of Kai-t’u Kuei-liu, the tax system in T’u-ssu area changed dramatically. After the reform, central government measured land, count population.In T’u-ssu area, there were a series of tactics, for example, reduced or eliminated the tax, reduced the qualities of servant, one kind of taxation. Besides, T’u-ssu pawn and sold his land.The third chapter is to discuss the regional economic development in T’s-ssu region in Kwangsi. From the point view of agriculture, a lot of hydraulic buildings were built in T’s-ssu region, introduced qualities of advanced technology and new species.Besides, people reclaimed qualities of land. With the development of Kai-t’u Kuei-liu, market trade in T’u-ssu region was more and more prosperous, lots of grains, livestock, medicinal material and handicraft products were sold in the market. At the same time, inter-regional trade activities were more and more prosperous, out-land merchants, especially the merchants came from Kwangtung built a lot of Clan Associations in T’s-ssu region in Kwangsi. This was a product of the economic development, in the meantime,the development of Clan Associations promoted economic development in T’s-ssu region in Kwangsi.The fouth chapter is to discuss the school education, the imperial examination System carried out and their development in T’u-ssu area. In T’u-ssu area of Kwangsi, government and gentries constructed large quality of official schools, private academies, community schools(she-hsueh) and charitable schools(i-hsueh).People in in T’u-ssu area had more and more opportunities to take part in the imperial examination. In late Ch’ing period, government constructed school for T’u-ssu, this was miniature of the development of new kind of education, also, in the background of Kai-t’u Kuei-liu, it was the efforts that the government to improve the politics, customs and culture in T’u-ssu area. The officials in Kwangsi made contribution to the development of education. However, they thought the customs of minorities were uncultured, they wanted to ban them. What they did had bad effects on the culture of minorities.Among the historical records that written down the qualities of T’s-ssu, T’u-Kuan Ti-Pu written in Ming Dynasty is a very important one. The number of T’u-ssu recorded in this book, in fact, were 257, and the period of the last T’u-ssu is in the period of Chia-Ching. On the basis of this book, I figured out the lineage of T’s-ssu. The lineage of T’s-ssu from Ming dynasty to the Republic of China. Also, I corrected a lot of errors about this book.In short, the existence of T’u-ssu system has its rationality. The process of Kai-t’u Kuei-liu was a long time, full range of social reform. This reform brought opportunities for social development, however, we cannot simply evaluated Kai-t’u Kuei-liu in view of the practice of centralized power and the final implementation of Han-culture.