The Studies On The Mertonian Theory Of The Norms Of Science Of Disinterestedness

Robert K. Merton, known as the "father of the sociology of science. " In 1942, in his "On Science and Democracy"systematically describes the normative structure of scientific activity, Disinterestedness is one of four kinds of institutional norms. From the late 60s of last century, Merton's norms regulate debate and lead to a wide range of academic references, "Disinterestedness" of the four specifications are subject to the most controversial one. Scholars of the "Disinterestedness" of norms research has made a lot of results, but also the lack of a more comprehensive system of case studies. We try to promote this work. Hope that this study can make the academic to the "Disinterestedness" of a new awareness, and this question to teachers.This article is divided into five chapters. The first chapter, "Disinterestedness the origin of norms", first investigated Disinterestedness norms that the theoretical premise: hidden in the psychological aspects of the Puritan doctrine of "emotional"entity is the development of a strong driving force for scientific hypothesis, science is As a social system, the hypothesis of social provisions, and the science system and the structure of the phenomenon indicates that there is competition. Second, norms Disinterestedness investigated the historical background: Three to four decades of the 20th century, the German fascist regime impede the scientific activities, sabotage scientific perating order; system of modern science has reached a very advanced state, importance of science began to be run .The second chapter, "The connotation on Disinterestedness different interpretations, "including two elements. First, the literature survey, summarized the definition of norms Disinterestedness on Merton's: Scientists have selfish motives; Disinterestedness system specification through the control of motivation required to become a scientist's professional activities of non-profit activities Whether self-interest or altruism; opposition against the use of science to seek any benefit; Disinterestedness specification is exemplary standard, the offender shall be subject to psychological punishment; scientists can get a living area of material interests. Second, the exploratory analysis of the interpretation of other scholars at home and abroad, of which Bernard Barber the benefit of the specification as a selfless moral ideal is consistent with Merton's thought.Chapter III "Disinterestedness specifications are subject to criticism and the defense and development ", outlined the norms Merton criticized the social background and academic background. Criticism of Disinterestedness and defense focused on the main points summarized: practical (authenticity) problem and completeness problem. Marche School of Edinburgh has a unique sense of criticism, he denied Disinterestedness with authenticity. Domestic Professor Sun Guiqi also questioned its authenticity. The face of criticism, Merton school one by one response, the defense. Barber "emotional neutrality, "the values and ideals, Stoller proposed "exchange of commodities "development of the norms of Disinterestedness . Mr. Ma Laiping, and professors Ouyang Feng Xu Mengqiu with the "ought"and "Practice" demonstrated the the authenticity of this specification. Mr. Ma Laiping also believe that the norms set by the selfless goal of profit is too high for the more realistic, you can relax understanding and direction of proposed amendments.Chapter IV, "on the Disinterestedness hierarchy of the host system", through the hierarchy of the scientific spirit of that, Disinterestedness regulate social relations in which the level of power in society and the protection of the operation, the Scientific Spiritual values. By the level of scientific and standardized system of analysis that Disinterestedness norms are social norms, is a "meta-norms. " The operational level because of its lack of critical control functions and it is a "scientific ethos"misunderstanding, this criticism misses the point. Chapter V, "Disinterestedness normative gap between the ideal and the reality of the crux." Contents are: 1. Brief scientific establishment to produce professional scientists to engage in scientific research as a means of livelihood, the value of scientific tools were found. 2. Discusses the utilitarian is a fundamental property of science, science activities with utilitarian value orientation, scientists did the work, to contribute to the natural demands of interest. 3. Through Maslow's "hierarchy of basic needs" of scientists to seek the legitimacy of the psychology of utility. 4. Negative example, scientists have a very strong desire for material gain. 5. By scientists in the scientific activities of all sectors of the profit and non-compliance, was found, scientists seek does not infringe the legitimate interests of scientific objectivity. 6. Mainly discussed, the legitimate interest of scientists for their own development needs, the needs of social fairness and justice, fair, reasonable and legal. 7. "Disinterestedness" standard is too idealistic. Mainly discusses the benefits of the specification does not consider the selfless, take care of their own development needs of scientists, not humane; scientists are not considered equal members of society, is unreasonable.