The Experience And Revelation Of Solutions For German And Japanese Employment Problem

The employment and unemployment are a kind of historical phenomenon, and there are no unemployment and employment problems in a society which natural economy is the dominant status。Only the commodity economy substitute the natural economy occupies the dominant status, especially after the first industrial revolution, machinery is generally used in the production, the advancement of technology and development of the productivity, the demand to the labor force descend inevitably and the unemployment become the phenomenon of necessity . Because of the prodigious diversity in each country's economical development phase, population, cultural tradition and polity system, the employment problem perform different in different country.Former Federal Republic of Germany in postwar has achieved macroeconomic targets ,including :the high economical growth rate, the low inflation and the foreign trade surplus and so forth for a long time, and becomes the powerful engine of European postwar economy. But after first petroleum crisis in 1973, Federal Republic of Germany continuously suffers the high unemployment rate and the low employment growth problem, the German government implements the promotion of employment policy, intervenes the latent unemployment ahead of time, maximum exert the promotive action to employment, gradually pile out the employment dilemma, enters into a new epoch which an economical growth and the employment creation coordinated development. The Japanese employment policy is an effective system arrangement, the government is the main body of advancing "the full employment", its guiding ideology and the concrete measure of employment policy unceasingly renew and develop along with the objective economical situation. About nearly more than 10 years'lowness in economy, because of the Japanese government adopts sorts of government action to advance unemployed to get reemployed, control the jobless rate at about 5%, the lowest in the developed country.Our country has a large amount of population, since the reform and open policy, and the jobless problem has already became a serious problem in the economic development of our country. The employment measure German and Japan according to the situation of their countries , reduces the current stern employment pressure to our country to have the model the model significance. This article analyses above country solution unemployment question concrete measure, proposed solves employment question some suggestions in our country economic basis. This article altogether is divided into four parts:The first part, firstly figured out the meaning of employment and unemployment, elaborated the related theory of employment. First, the voluntary unemployment theory of classical school ,this theory thought a sufficient circulating market mechanism can automatically control labor force market, eliminate the unemployment, therefore the market supply and demand rule is the best implement to solve the unemployment .Second, the non-voluntary unemployment theory of Keynes principle, he believed , the effective demand decided the crucial factor of total employment quantity in the society, whether achieved the sufficient employment , is decided by the effective demand. Therefore Keynes advocated the government takes many kinds of measure, increases the total currency payout of the entire society, expands the demand to the means of consumption and production in the entire society, realizes the full employment. Third, the unemployment theory of the new synthesis classical school, this theory analyzes the reason which the unemployment forms from the income distribute, the monopolization organization, regional disparity and so on, this theory is carrying forward to Keynes'unemployed theory, mainly manifests in the development of Philip curve and the analysis of unemployment of capitalist society and inflation complication. Fourthly, the development of economic dual structure unemployment theory, dual economical and the agricultural surplus labor force shift theory is the most kernel part.The second part, introduced and analyzed the policies and the measures by which German government promote the employment. Germany has little unemployment most in the years 60 and 70's, simultaneously realized the macroeconomic targets ,including : high economical growth rate, the low inflation and the foreign trade surplus and so forth, becomes the powerful engine of European postwar economy .But after first petroleum crisis in 1973, Germany continuously suffers the high unemployment problem, especially after the unification of East and West Germany ,the unemployment of Germany break through 4 million ,became the biggest social economy problem which the Germany government meet in the 90's. In order to solve the jobless problems, German government implements the promotion of employment policy, After 2000 , the Europe economy piled out the employment dilemma ,enters into a new epoch which an economical growth and the employment creation coordinated development. Its main characteristic is attent to the cultivation of carve out consciousness and support of carve out policy, the key point of policy support lies in the promotion to the opportunity of starting an undertaking equally .The concrete measure includes: the employment policy to encourage and implement to start an undertaking; pay attention to the monitor and appraisal of employment policy implementation effect; the support to encourage bank to provide the jot loan for people who starts an undertaking positively; provides different service and instruction aim at different characteristic of the unemployment.The third part , introduced and analyzed the policy and the measure which Japanese government promote the employment. In this part, introduced the variance of Japanese employment system after the Second World War , the content system and the characteristic of Japanese employment policy, as well as the adjustment and change of Japan employment policy in recent years. The Japanese government's employment policy is under the market economy condition, to adjust the supply and demand relations of the labor force to enable it to achieve market-balanced government behavior, is a kind of supplement to the labor market. Its basic content is: suppression of unemployment, maintenance of employment stability; Provides the safeguard to the life of unemployed, and helps to get reemployed; offer the employment instruction for unemployed, professional training and professional introduction and so on.The fourth part, analyzed the revelation to our country both from the experience of Germany and Japanese employment problems'solution. Both experience on employment of Germany and Japan indicated that, the jobless problem is a long-standing question under the market economy system, simply depending upon the market strength and government's strength can hardly obtains effective alleviation. Although both countries pass through different road in the solution of employment problem, but at present their policy guidance promoted behind each measure of employment are consistent, namely: create fair and free employment environment; Encourage citizen to start an undertaking independently; Promote harmonious relationship of labor and capital ; protect the society's weak colony. These basic ideas of modern society, have extreme positive significance to alleviate the employment problem.As a developing country , China has the ubiquitous economical dual structure characteristic of developing country. At present, the employment situation of our country is extremely austere, including : the excessive population growth , the lowness of employment quality ,as well as the jobless rate at a high level. From the economical point of view analysis, the employment growth is lied on two essential factors, one is the economy growth , the other is increase of employment elasticity. Germany and Japan took all measures for the increase employment, is focus on these two essential factors. From the experience of German and Japan, countermeasures to solve our country's employment problems include:1. Accelerating the economical development is a basic outlet of the resolution to employment problem. Although the employment problem is caused by many factors, but the most basic is the economic output .From the short-term and long-term, accelerating the economical development is the basic outlet to alleviate the employment conflict.2."Support the Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises"must be taken as a long-term policy to insist. Because the organic composition of capital of the Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises is low, given the same quantity of investment , the employment population provided by the Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises is twice or triple as the large-scale enterprises. Moreover, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises"little to be easy to adjust hair ship", is sensitive to the response of market changes , and also play an important role in the adjustment industrial structure, and improvement of local economic layout.3. Accelerated development of the tertiary industry in process of urbanization. During maintenance of higher economic growth rate, the key point of the increase employment measure of government, is the economy growth pattern which encourages high employment elasticity , namely in the foundation of enhanced efficiency of the second industry, develops the labor-intensive tertiary industry vigorously (the service industry).4. Consummates city reemployment service system in center of occupation training. Take the overseas experience for example, In the present foundation of city reemployment service system, unites various aspects of social strength , establishes a occupation training system of high efficiency.5.The unemployment insurance should take steps as"the employer compensation + the social relief". While maintain the fluid of city labor force market ,we should provide the basic social security for the unemployed, only can take steps as"the employer compensates + the low horizontal social relief". The advantage is, reduces the randomicity of employer dismissing the worker, increases their sense of responsibility, is advantageous to the stability of employment enhancement and the improvement labor and capital relation.