| Our country was founded on agriculture, are large agricultural country, but agriculture is weak. For a long time, agricultural efficiency and farmer's income, rural development can be said that constraints are the primary questions of national economic development. To solve the problem is to develop modern agriculture; modern agriculture development must be put on the decentralized management of farmers to organize themselves to change the traditional model of a closed small-scale production, liberation and development of rural productivity. To liberate and develop the rural productive forces, it is necessary to micro-economic organizations from the rural areas of the institutional arrangements and institutional innovation to start, improve and perfect the current micro-economic organizations in rural areas the most important form-the new rural cooperative economic organizations, in order to better respond to foreign agricultural products competitive pressures and the number of domestic consumers of agricultural products, structure and quality requirements.Taking history as a mirror, one can know the rise and fall. From the founding to the present organization of rural micro-economic changes in the organization of several different arrangements of the system at different times have played a corresponding role. Institutional change in rural areas can be divided into several historical periods; there is a large division of the founding of new China points, set up the people's commune, and the new era of reform and opening up new forms of organization and so on. After the founding of the People's Republic, by the intervention of state power to define land ownership of the land reform, the abolition of private ownership of land of the feudal landowners, farmers set up private ownership of land, so farmers on the land have the right to integrity of the beam, it as an independent economic entity with the material carriers. At relatively low productivity and lack of production tools, historical period, exchanges between production tools and the labor happen, and mutual aid groups is come in to existence in this regard. This is a subjective and objective factor in the outcome of the combined effect of the environment. By the primary agency, the High Society set up until the People's Commune, Institutional Change in the rural micro-economic performance of organizations on the arrangements for the land and the means of production through private, private utilities, public utility, give their own farmers from work; enjoy full labor to the collective work to earn credits, re-distribution by the collective. In this process, the will of the leaders of the changes to the system played a decisive role in the institutional arrangements are a lot of top-down, to direct the way, the time has some political overtones.After reform and opening-up, micro-economic organizations in rural areas showing a new form of organization, on the one hand, this is the law that benefits only the parties reflect the needs of the institutional arrangements for implementation can be stable, mandatory, contrary to the vital interests of farmers institutional arrangements will eventually because of the high cost of supervision from the stage of history; On the other hand, the progress of the process of society, the development of commodity economy, command of the planned economy has been gradually replaced by the socialist market economy, the environment, can improve farmers active implementation of the household contract system and promote the process of reform and opening up, but also borrow from the reform and opening-up and grow, to flourish.With the deepening of reform and opening up, the existence of the household contract responsibility system gradually expose the contradictions and problems: Back to the self-employed peasant status and impede agricultural industrialization and modernization process and the lack of organized farmers. Farmers in the area of production and circulation in a weak position; because of decentralized management, making it difficult to promote appropriate technology in agriculture; the production of small-scale and low-quality agricultural products, so that the quality and safety of agricultural products because of their non-standardized and difficult to control production. Lower long-term value of agricultural products so that operators do not want to peasant land, and further led to the expansion of urban-rural divide.In this operating system be the system of innovation, are the demands in the new period. In this form much the emergence of a new mode of operation, this embodies the subject of rural micro-economic intelligence and innovation. Came into being a new type of rural cooperative economic organizations put tens of thousands of households to further diversify the farmers to organize themselves. Has the power to organize themselves, the new rural cooperative economic organizations to attract science and technology, human resources, finance, information into agriculture; organization has effective, cooperative farmers add income households generally higher than non-members more than 20%. Spontaneously by internal demand and the raw new-type rural cooperative economic organizations to play its positive role at the same time, its institutional arrangements in the environment and system defects also gradually emerged, such as: the uncertainty of their legal status, the Government's over-intervention in question, not enough policy support questions, self-run non-standard questions. These problems seriously hinder the emergence of a new type of rural cooperative economic organizations grew strong on the road. The use of the system of economic theory, analysis of these questions, the appropriate measures to crack the new rural cooperative economic organizations, "the growth of trouble," this article is to study and explore the subject.In this paper, the structure, with the exception of the introduction, the four-part question. In the first chapter briefly described some of the concepts used in this article, including the system of meaning, the meaning of such institutional change. At the same time, the object of study for this article - the micro-economic organizations in rural areas to define the meaning, in order to further explore the organizational system of rural micro-economic changes have laid a theoretical basis.The second chapter describes the rural areas since the founding of the micro-economic organizations of different forms of organization, from the Assistance Unit, the primary agency, advanced society, people's commune, a household contract responsibility system in rural areas until now a variety of new cooperative economic organizations. In addition, these systems are discussed in what way is being defined. For one thing, farmers in order to obtain more revenue, independent innovation, the formation of new rural micro-economic system of the form, and finally by the state laws and regulations defined; For another are top-down, in a country politically, the overall situation on the consider the formation of micro-economic organizational system in rural areas, through the command to implement a mandatory means. A mandatory system with the induced changes in the institutional change is often intertwined. We should see that each system can not solve all the problems once and for all, of different institutional arrangements have played a specific mission, but also changes as time changes. As the socialist market economy, the old system of balance between supply and demand always constant is broken and needs a new system, the formation of a new equilibrium, in the process, the analysis of changes in a general system of law, for the new era institutional innovations are not without benefit.Chapter III of the different institutional arrangements for different periods of time brought about different results, make a visual comparison. And the reasons for the changes to the system to do a brief analysis. Small-scale peasant economy after the land reform into a Unit are very bad because of the external environment, the means of production are very scarce; from the Unit to change the people's commune, the state will play a major role; have the household contract responsibility reflects the strong will of the farmers; as the development of the socialist market economy, all kinds of new-type rural cooperative economic organizations of farmers appear to strengthen the contact with the market.Chapter IV, the current micro-economic forms of organization in rural areas is mainly expressed in a variety of new forms of rural cooperative economic organizations. This chapter to distinguish between a new type of rural cooperative economic organizations and traditional cooperatives, discusses the new rural cooperative economic organizations, the connotation that a variety of new rural micro-economic problems, and deal with these problems, the corresponding solutions. In short, the modernization of agriculture to solve the road problems exist that must be in accordance with the requirements of the market economy, bring into full play the initiative of farmers, set up innovative market economy with a variety of new rural micro-economic forms of organization. |
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