| Land use/cover change has great significance in global environmental change,we should carry out a large number of case studies,and then make a comprehensive analysis and model simulation in accordance with the requirements of GLP plan,to focus on the interface-how do the human factors caused the change of the structure and function of natural systems,how do the changes of natural service founction affect human well-being,how do human understand and respond to changes in natural systems.Due to Chinese national conditions,it is particularly urgent to reveal the dynamic process "changes in the livelihood-land-use change-the evolution of soil quality",and to explore Chinese rural land-use change research paradigm.The upper reaches of the Dadu River located in the transition zone of Sichuan Basin to Tibetan Plateau is a typical ecological fragile areas.Topography to the area is mainly mountains and valleys.By the impact of changes in topography latitude,altitude,water,heat,light and other factors formed a complex redistribution of the local climate and micro-climate.The different types of land-use areas formed by the coupling impact of man-land in long-term provided an excellent condition for our study.So we choosed four typical villages respectively located in valley and mid-level of this region.Based on the sustainable livelihoods framework,using the social survey data of this area since 1957,adopting random stratified sampling,participatory rural assess methods,mathematical statistics and other methods,we investigated the changes of farmers' livelihood over the past 50 years,and land use change since 1982.According to the characteristics we divided the farmers into 4 types,pure-agriculture households(Ⅰ),agriculture-dependent households(Ⅱ),non-farming-dependent households(Ⅲ) andnon-agriculture households(Ⅳ),built a suitable indicator of the area,quantitified the farmer's livelihood assets and livelihood diversity and distinguished farm livelihood diversity and non-farm livelihood diversity,different type farmer's characteristics of land-use change and land-use incentification since 1982.The results show that:(1)different types of total assets of farmers livelihoods are obvious regularity,andnon-agriculture households＞non-farming-dependent households＞agriculture-dependent households＞pure-agriculture households.The greater the index value of human assets,physical assets,financial assets,social assets,,the higher the degree of non-farm households,and the greater the index value of natural assets,the lower the degree of non-agricultural.(2) The most common livelihood strategy of the study area farmers is the combination of agricultural and non-farm activities.The most common livelihood strategy of farmers in agricultural activities is "food-vegetable-fruit-pig",the level of diversification of agricultural livelihoods: agriculture-dependent households＞pure-agriculture households＞non-farming-dependent households＞andnon-agriculture households.The main differences that farmers engaged in different types of non-farm livelihood activities is the threshold level of livelihood activities,andnon-agriculture households engaged in higher-threshold type of non-agricultural activities,and most other types of farmers engaged in low-threshold non-farm activities.(3) Human assets is the main factors to diversify the livelihood of farmers and particularly significant to non-farm livelihood diversification.The major limiting factor of diversification of agricultural activities are the natural assets and human assets,especially the abundance of labors,non-farm livelihood diversification is constrained by human assets,financial assets,physical assets and social assets.(4) Land-use type is tended to simple,high economic value,non-farm or rental. Intercropping of food crops was changed into a monoculture,planting food crops were changed into vegetables,fruits,trees,returning farmland to forests,abandoned,or even land for housing.(5) land-use change varies significantly by type of farmers.The higher the degree of non-farmers,land-use changes in the more severe type.Pure-agriculture households and agriculture-dependent households are more tended to keep the traditional food crops cultivation.The type of change occurred mainly in wheat-corn or corn with the economic benefits of high vegetable and fruit trees.Non-farming-dependent households are severe types of changes requent and diverse.Land-use change of andnon-agriculture households is entire,rental or returning to forest.(6) The land of labor input in the quantity and quality changes.Labour force of higher education levels and young(mostly men) generally engaged in non-agricultural activities,labour force of lower education level,old and weak,female are mainly responsible for the cultivation,breeding activities.face with the competition about labors with non-agricultural activities,farmers often solve the labor shortage by changing labour forces,employment and other means.Despite the reduced labor input, but the basic production needs of land are ensured.(7) Input of chemical fertilizers are higher than before both types and quantities,change of manure inputs is closely related to livestock.diferent househood has different input levels,agriculture-dependent households and non-farming-dependent households input variety Fertilizers,moderate amount,and because of the labor,capital and other guarantees,to maintain a high level.Pure-agriculture households are mainly elder labor force,constraint by lack of labor and capital, low level of land input,the most common type of fertilizer is traditional such as manure and urea-based fertilizer,generally didn't input the new fertilizer of relatively high price.with rising in price and the awareness that the excessive use of fertilizers will lead to soil compaction,farmers trend to reduce the fertilizer input.This study explored the small-scale peasant economy of rural land-use change,the dynamic process, "macroeconomic policy,market,demographic and other background-livelihood change-land use change", and promoted the sustainable livelihoods and sustainable land use strategy,which is an important try under the comprehensive study,and provid a scientific basis for the region economic development,livelihood improvement of eastern Tibetan plateau. |
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