The "Merchant-Managed" And The Development Of Coal Industry During The Early Qing Dynasty

China is the first country which uses coal in the world. Prior to the development through the ages, when Qing Dynasty especially during the reign of the Emperor Qianlong, the coal industry has made an unprecedented and substantial development. This was relate to the enlightened rulers in coal industry made by the emperors of Qing Dynasty. As a turning point, the"Merchant-managed"provided a viable and positive business model for the coal industry. And it accelerated the momentum of development in coal industry.This paper attempts to make a simple exposition on the specific distribution and mode of operation in the coal during the Qing Dynasty, on this basis, to make a deep exposition on the positive impact on the coal industry lead by the"Merchant-managed".There are three parts in the thesis: the first part, the mining policy of the Qing Dynasty. First of all, it will introduce the development of coal industry, as well as the distribution of the coal in Qing Dynasty. Then it'll give an analysis on the main points of opposition groups. The second part, the planning and implementation of"Merchant-managed". It will introduce the basic process of the policy's implementation in chronological. Next, it also introduces the operation and management mode of coal, as a basis to analyze the next problem. The last part, the evaluation of the"Merchant-managed". In this part, it will give an objective evaluation of"Merchant-managed".