Energy-saving And Emission Reduction Policies And The Effect Analysis Of Developed Countries

Energy-saving means to economize material resource and energy resource, to avoid its unlimited consumption and raise its utilization rate; at the same time, to develop new energy and renewable energy. Emission reduction means to reduce the emission of various environmental harmful things and to reduce the damage for human survival environment. By these two means, to realize the economic and social sustainable development of resource and environment.As important measures to ensure national energy safety, to reduce environmental pollution, to reduce greenhouse gas emission, and to ensure socially and economically sustainable development of developed country, energy-saving and emission reduction are getting more and more attention.Sustainable development means the development that can satisfy the demand of present people, and it won't be harmful to the capability that the descendants satisfy their own demand.It has three basic principles. The first is fairness principle, namely, prerequisite for the development of present person should not damage the benefit of the descendants; among the same generation, the development of a part of people should not harm the benefit of another part of people. The second is sustainability principle, namely, the ecosystem maintain its sustainable ability of development while being disturbed. The development of human being must keep the sustainability of the environment.The third is the intercommunity principle. Namely, to the stern challenges that resource and environment problems bring, the whole world is faced with the same problem, whatever discrepancies between countries exist. Maintaining the sustainable development of ecosystem is the common goal of human being.In last century, the developed countries realized that energy safety is important for economic and social development because of the global energy crisis of 1970's. Under the influence of energy crisis, western developed countries begin to pay attention to energy safety of their homelands, to prevent the negative influence to economic and social development caused by energy crisis. In recent years, the problems brought by global warming and environmental worsening caused by human life and production has knocked the alarm to world countries.'Kyoto Protocol'has stipulated greenhouse gas emission reduction requirement that has legal sanction power to world major developed countries. In order to protect energy security, reduce environmental damage caused by economic development of their own, the developed countries have formulated a series of energy-saving and emission reduction policies, and have achieved remarkable results.The policies mainly have the following characteristics. Firstly, promulgate definite and clear laws and regulations, adjusting and updating in time, maintaining the implementation of energy saving process always has definite and clear legal basis. Secondly, establish efficient and comprehensive energy-saving and emission reduction management agencies. The governments function as the leads, professional institutions and civil society organizations assist them, to avoid the energy -saving and emission reduction laws and regulations falling into empty talk in the implementation process. Thirdly, they have policies on both rewards and punishment. On the one hand, the governments encourage contributions to low energy consumption and low emissions of enterprises and individuals, on the other hand, to set up restrictions and penalties to high energy consumption and high emission activities in the aspects of tax payment and market access. The governments guide the business activities by discriminating policies. Fourthly, they have diversification of forms of energy saving policy. They do not only have government and legal means, but also have means of tax regulation and financial loan policy. They encourage market self-regulation aiming at energy saving and emission reduction. It combined the mandatory law and the market self-adjustment. Fifthly, the energy-saving and emission reduction policies cover all production processes, and have close relationship with people living. Sixthly, they pay attention to the basic work of energy saving and emission reduction. They give full attention to energy conservation technology research and development, professional team-building, cultivating national energy conservation awareness and other infrastructure work. They make long-term progress of energy-saving and emission reduction in an effective and sustainable manner.The work of energy-saving and emission reduction carried out in developed countries has made remarkable achievements. The industrial structure of economy improved significantly. Traditionally high energy consuming, high contaminative and extensive mode of economic development is gradually being abandoned by the market. It is replaced by a new model of economic development that represents the latest energy saving ideas. However, there are some limitations in the energy-saving and emission reduction policies in developed countries, such as the lack of international cooperation, transfer of a large number of high-energy projects to developing countries, and the lack of long-term planning for new technologies promotion.Compared with developed countries, China's energy-saving and emission reduction has following characteristics: firstly, there must be some proportion of the high energy consumption industries in current industry structure, that is decided by the China's role in the global division of labor; secondly, the current situation of economic development of China determines that the overall demand for resource and the emission of greenhouse gas is rising; thirdly, China's coal-dominated energy consumption structure determines that the energy consumption and pollution emissions in China is higher than developed countries.Compared with developed countries, there are still some gaps in China's energy-saving emission reduction policies. Mainly in the following aspects: firstly, positioning of the government and enterprises in the energy conservation work is not clear. Energy-saving and emission reduction became the unilateral acts and responsibility of the government. The role of enterprise can not be played; secondly, the energy-saving and emission reduction policy is lack of mandatory penalties and enforcement tools. In particular, waste of resources is not punished efficiently. In the policy implementation process, some areas implement local protectionism for high energy consumption and high pollution enterprises, in order to develop the local economy. Some even provide favorable terms to attract high energy consuming and high polluting enterprises set up factories locally, try to get black GDP by the cost of resources and environment; thirdly, the tax policy has little means. The regulating range is narrow. The regulating strength is not enough. The preferential policy is lack of systematization; fourthly, the formation mechanism of resource price is not perfect, some of the prices of resource products can not fully reflect the scarcity of resources, as well as the relationship between the market supply and demand; fifthly, the lack of effective statistics and monitoring system of energy-saving and emission reduction.According to China's basic situation and the inadequacy of current policies, the paper proposes the approach and scheme of the development of China's energy saving and emission reduction. Firstly, the transformation of economic growth mode, adjust the industrial structure, improving the proportion of the technology-intensive and knowledge-intensive industries, encouraging the development of tertiary industry at the same time. Secondly, adjust the energy structure and reduce the proportion of coal in energy structure, to develop new energy and renewable energy, to achieve the diversification of energy supply and consumption. Thirdly, improve the efficiency of coal use through technological innovation, to reduce the pollution due to emissions from the use of coal. Fourthly, develop international cooperation, introduce advanced technology, and improve the level of energy utilization and pollution control. Participate in related international exchanges and cooperation actively. Fifthly, control the rapid population growth strictly and to spread the concept of energy-saving and emission reduction actively. Sixthly, learn the advanced experiences of energy conservation from developed countries. To further improve the construction in all related fields from following aspects: the legal framework, administration, policy types, basic data, etc.