| Environmental protection of drinking water source region is of great concern to people and government. It is closely related to people’s vital interest, and subsequently bonded to the prosperousness and development of a country. Protection of drinking water sources is a basic requirement of the Scientific Outlook on Development, construction of ecological civilization, and is also a major issue of the people’s livelihood.By means of scientific and rational methodology, this study conducted comprehensive investigation on basic environmental situation such as, basic information, water quality, environmental management of drinking water sources in city, county, and village of Shandong Province. Based on large amount of accurate and reliable data, this study for the first time performed a comprehensive analysis for the environmental conditions of drinking water source area, provided explicit water quality situation, preliminarily identified sources of pollutions, and discussed problems within environmental management and proposed possible solutions, which laid the groundwork for environmental protection of drinking water sources in Shandong Province and provided basis for government decisions. Major conclusions are listed below:(1) Groundwater is the major source of potable water in Shandong Province, especially in rural area. Groundwater contributes 40%,55%, and 90% of total water supply in city, county, and village, respectively. Supply proportion increases from urban area to rural area.(2) Water quality of drinking water sources is generally high in Shandong Province. Water quality compliance rate has reached 80% in all drinking water sources of city, county, and village, in which city reaches 92% and is better than both county and village. Contamination of water source protection zone is mostly derived from non-point source. Non-point source is also the major reason of anthropogenic contamination in water source area. In the first-class protection zone about 77% of contamination are from urban and rural domestic contamination and 23% of contamination are from agricultural area source and dispersed livestock farm. Contribution of industrial contamination is low. In the second-class protection zone, about 62%,23% and 15% of contamination are from urban and rural domestic contamination, agricultural area source and dispersed livestock farm, and industrial contamination, respectively.(3) Basic environmental situation of drinking water source area is relatively good in Shandong Province. Assessment of peninsula basin at aspects of environmental endowment, pollution situation, environmental monitoring situation, and basic environmental situation of regional water source area showed high-level results. Environmental endowment, pollution situation, and basic environmental situation of regional water source area of the Xiaoqing river basin are at high-level, but environmental monitoring situation is at middle-level. Environmental endowment, pollution situation, environmental monitoring situation, and basic environmental situation of regional water source area are all at middle-level in the Haihe and Huaihe river basin.(4) Environmental protection of water source area in Shandong Province should be improved at the following five aspects. First, consolidating leadership and clarifying responsibility. Environmental protection of water source area should be listed as one of the most important indicators that examine leaders at all level. Leaders are supposed to be responsible to unqualified compliance rate of water source area in their jurisdiction and be awarded for effective protection. Second, improving designation of water source protection zone and water quality monitoring. For those water source areas which have not been assigned protection zone and not performed routine monitoring, accomplishment should be stimulated and accelerated so that technical support can be provided for protection. Third, prevention first, combined with remediation. All illegal contamination sources should be cleared in protection zone, and any potential contamination project will not be approved according to relevant laws or regulations. Water purification plant is suggested for contaminated water source to qualify the water supply. Fourth, strengthening supervision and preventing risks. Clearance of all industrial contamination sources should be proceeded at upper stream or supply zone of water source area. Emergency treatment plan and daily reporting system of contaminants emission should be constructed to prevent any pollution accident. Fifth, propagation and public participation. Educating enterprises located at upper stream of water sources is necessary, which help them to recognize the laws and regulations in water source protection and their responsibilities and obligations. |
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